{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204903735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36660/ijcs.20250121","title":"Infant Feeding Practices and Their Association with Stunting, Overweight, Obesity, and Other Cardiometabolic Risks in African Children: A Systematic Review","display_name":"Infant Feeding Practices and Their Association with Stunting, Overweight, Obesity, and Other Cardiometabolic Risks in African Children: A Systematic Review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204903735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36660/ijcs.20250121"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.36660/ijcs.20250121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36660/ijcs.20250121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36660/ijcs.20250121","pdf_url":"https://ijcscardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/2359-4802-ijcs-39-e20250121/2359-4802-ijcs-39-e20250121.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764823528","display_name":"International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences","issn_l":"2359-4802","issn":["2359-4802","2359-5647"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","latindex","poland-20","russia-white-list-4","scielo"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310312519","host_organization_name":"Sociedade Brasileira de Virologia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310312519"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sociedade Brasileira de Virologia"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://ijcscardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/2359-4802-ijcs-39-e20250121/2359-4802-ijcs-39-e20250121.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078355286","display_name":"Jude Eteneneng Enoh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5941-0774","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5941-0774"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92579986","display_name":"Walter Sisulu University","ror":"https://ror.org/02svzjn28","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92579986"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jude Eteneneng Enoh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Sciences , Faculty of Medicine and Health Science , Walter Sisulu University , Mthatha - South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5941-0774","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Sciences , Faculty of Medicine and Health Science , Walter Sisulu University , Mthatha - South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92579986"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115669059","display_name":"Roland Tiagha Akah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1579-4854","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1579-4854"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92579986","display_name":"Walter Sisulu University","ror":"https://ror.org/02svzjn28","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92579986"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roland Tiagha Akah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Sciences , Faculty of Medicine and Health Science , Walter Sisulu University , Mthatha - South Africa","Department of Biomedical Sciences , Faculty of Medicine and Health Science , Walter Sisulu University , P Bag X1 , Mthatha , 5100 - South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1579-4854","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Sciences , Faculty of Medicine and Health Science , Walter Sisulu University , Mthatha - South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92579986"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Sciences , Faculty of Medicine and Health Science , Walter Sisulu University , P Bag X1 , Mthatha , 5100 - South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92579986"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004475141","display_name":"Benedicta Ngwenchi Nkeh-Chungag","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4805-4051","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4805-4051"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92579986","display_name":"Walter Sisulu University","ror":"https://ror.org/02svzjn28","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92579986"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benedicta Ngwenchi Nkeh-Chungag","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Sciences , Faculty of Medicine and Health Science , Walter Sisulu University , Mthatha - South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4805-4051","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Sciences , Faculty of Medicine and Health Science , Walter Sisulu University , Mthatha - South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92579986"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92579986"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.43170103,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10979","display_name":"Breastfeeding Practices and Influences","score":0.649399995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10979","display_name":"Breastfeeding Practices and Influences","score":0.649399995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10596","display_name":"Child Nutrition and Water Access","score":0.23019999265670776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11294","display_name":"Infant Nutrition and Health","score":0.05829999968409538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infant-feeding-practices","display_name":"infant feeding practices","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stunting","display_name":"stunting","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/childhood-overweight","display_name":"childhood overweight","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/childhood-obesity","display_name":"childhood obesity","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiometabolic-risk","display_name":"cardiometabolic risk","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exclusive-breastfeeding","display_name":"exclusive breastfeeding","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complementary-feeding","display_name":"complementary feeding","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-weaning","display_name":"early weaning","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypertension","display_name":"hypertension","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lipid-profile","display_name":"lipid profile","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"diabetes mellitus","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-growth","display_name":"child growth","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/africa","display_name":"Africa","score":0.40400001406669617}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9527000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6941999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.6575000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992213488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85769412","display_name":"Infant feeding","level":3,"score":0.42260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.3212999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776962008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39087014","display_name":"Infant nutrition","level":4,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779150110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2287198","display_name":"Infant formula","level":2,"score":0.24899999797344208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.23360000550746918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.2168000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.19660000503063202}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.36660/ijcs.20250121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36660/ijcs.20250121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36660/ijcs.20250121","pdf_url":"https://ijcscardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/2359-4802-ijcs-39-e20250121/2359-4802-ijcs-39-e20250121.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764823528","display_name":"International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences","issn_l":"2359-4802","issn":["2359-4802","2359-5647"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","latindex","poland-20","russia-white-list-4","scielo"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310312519","host_organization_name":"Sociedade Brasileira de Virologia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310312519"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sociedade Brasileira de Virologia"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.36660/ijcs.20250121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36660/ijcs.20250121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36660/ijcs.20250121","pdf_url":"https://ijcscardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/2359-4802-ijcs-39-e20250121/2359-4802-ijcs-39-e20250121.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764823528","display_name":"International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences","issn_l":"2359-4802","issn":["2359-4802","2359-5647"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","latindex","poland-20","russia-white-list-4","scielo"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310312519","host_organization_name":"Sociedade Brasileira de Virologia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310312519"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sociedade Brasileira de Virologia"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"score":0.9208999872207642,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204903735.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204903735.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978825898","https://openalex.org/W2101669218","https://openalex.org/W2102039177","https://openalex.org/W2105711202","https://openalex.org/W2112638129","https://openalex.org/W2146135106","https://openalex.org/W2267159071","https://openalex.org/W2469425523","https://openalex.org/W2529055641","https://openalex.org/W2790836045","https://openalex.org/W2890466827","https://openalex.org/W2963170530","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3208255288","https://openalex.org/W3217508895","https://openalex.org/W4306769536","https://openalex.org/W4315478447","https://openalex.org/W4322503236","https://openalex.org/W4385277928","https://openalex.org/W4388009527","https://openalex.org/W4391767125","https://openalex.org/W4405826697"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7130703318","https://openalex.org/W4414601101","https://openalex.org/W7218192445","https://openalex.org/W3214182603","https://openalex.org/W7130386378","https://openalex.org/W2529055641","https://openalex.org/W2971195271","https://openalex.org/W7163562150","https://openalex.org/W2090557791","https://openalex.org/W4313368815"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Feeding":[1],"patterns":[2],"among":[3],"infants,":[4],"particularly":[5],"in":[6,12,26,46,48,115,128,158,164,171,184,222],"Africa,":[7],"play":[8],"a":[9,218],"central":[10],"role":[11],"shaping":[13],"child":[14],"growth":[15],"and":[16,24,36,43,58,69,77,80,90,141,151,167,178,186,196],"longterm":[17],"health":[18],"outcomes":[19,81],"such":[20,110],"as":[21,111,205,207],"stunting,":[22,40],"overweight,":[23,41,86,142],"obesity":[25],"early":[27,179,197,208],"childhood.Objectives:":[28],"This":[29],"systematic":[30],"review":[31,96],"assessed":[32],"infant":[33,191],"feeding":[34,71,192,195],"practices":[35],"their":[37,144],"association":[38],"with":[39,118,131,143,189],"obesity,":[42,87],"cardiometabolic":[44,180],"risk":[45,108,181],"children":[47,84],"Africa.Methods:":[49],"PubMed,":[50],"Springer":[51],"Link,":[52],"Web":[53],"of":[54,82,161,199],"Science,":[55],"Google":[56],"Scholar,":[57],"Science":[59],"Direct":[60],"databases":[61],"were":[62,93,113],"searched":[63],"for":[64,211,230],"articles":[65],"published":[66],"between":[67],"2004":[68],"2024.Infant":[70],"indicators":[72],"(exclusive":[73],"breastfeeding,":[74],"complementary":[75,194],"feeding,":[76],"dietary":[78],"variety)":[79],"the":[83,119,162],"(stunting,":[85],"blood":[88],"pressure,":[89],"lipid":[91],"profiles)":[92],"retrieved.Results:":[94],"The":[95],"identified":[97,114,139],"12":[98],"studies":[99,138,163],"(7":[100],"cohort,":[101],"5":[102,129],"cross-sectional)":[103],"involving":[104],"approximately":[105],"15,620":[106],"participants.Cardiometabolic":[107],"markers":[109],"hypertension":[112],"2":[116],"studies,":[117,130],"prevalence":[120,132,145],"ranging":[121,133,146],"from":[122,134,147],"9.1%":[123,152],"to":[124,136,149,153,203,213],"32.7%.Obesity":[125],"was":[126,156,168],"reported":[127,157],"4.0%":[135],"21.0%.Six":[137],"stunting":[140,204],"9.3%":[148],"42%":[150],"30.0%,":[154],"respectively.Diabetes":[155],"just":[159],"1":[160],"South":[165],"Africa":[166,185],"observed":[169],"more":[170],"males":[172],"(2.6%)":[173],"than":[174],"females":[175],"(1.9%).Conclusion:":[176],"Stunting":[177],"are":[182,187,201],"common":[183],"associated":[188],"suboptimal":[190],"patterns.Inappropriate":[193],"weaning":[198],"breastfeeding":[200,210],"linked":[202],"well":[206],"overweight/obesity.Exclusive":[209],"up":[212],"6":[214],"months":[215],"is":[216,228],"still":[217],"poorly":[219],"achieved":[220],"target":[221],"most":[223],"settings,":[224],"even":[225],"though":[226],"it":[227],"crucial":[229],"optimal":[231],"growth.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2026-09-02T00:00:00"}