{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204892116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jimc.v9i4.22449","title":"Health Professionals\u2019 Responses to Patient Gift-Giving","display_name":"Health Professionals\u2019 Responses to Patient Gift-Giving","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204892116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jimc.v9i4.22449"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18502/jimc.v9i4.22449","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jimc.v9i4.22449","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jimc.v9i4.22449","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210221549","display_name":"Journal of Iranian Medical Council","issn_l":"2645-338X","issn":["2645-338X","2645-3398"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319396","host_organization_name":"Knowledge E","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319396"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Knowledge E"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Iranian Medical Council","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112703403","display_name":"Shahriar Mousavinejad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8899-0592","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8899-0592"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48379061","display_name":"Shahid Beheshti University","ror":"https://ror.org/0091vmj44","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48379061"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58048189","display_name":"Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034m2b326","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58048189"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahriar Mousavinejad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Ethics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Ethics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48379061","https://openalex.org/I58048189"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148870500","display_name":"Erfan Mahjoob Khaligh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204331812","display_name":"Guilan University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04ptbrd12","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204331812","https://openalex.org/I4210110574"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165216","display_name":"Razi Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05rteaz10","country_code":"IR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165216"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erfan Mahjoob Khaligh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Razi Clinical Research Development Unit, Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Razi Clinical Research Development Unit, Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204331812","https://openalex.org/I4210165216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016513306","display_name":"Mirsaeed Attarchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7730-688X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7730-688X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204331812","display_name":"Guilan University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04ptbrd12","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204331812","https://openalex.org/I4210110574"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I877176835","display_name":"University of Guilan","ror":"https://ror.org/01bdr6121","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I877176835"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mirsaeed Attarchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204331812","https://openalex.org/I877176835"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006573463","display_name":"Kourosh Delpasand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6842-3374","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6842-3374"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204331812","display_name":"Guilan University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04ptbrd12","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204331812","https://openalex.org/I4210110574"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I877176835","display_name":"University of Guilan","ror":"https://ror.org/01bdr6121","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I877176835"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kourosh Delpasand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204331812","https://openalex.org/I877176835"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11649","display_name":"Pharmaceutical industry and healthcare","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2910","display_name":"Issues, ethics and legal aspects"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11649","display_name":"Pharmaceutical industry and healthcare","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2910","display_name":"Issues, ethics and legal aspects"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11537","display_name":"Ethics in medical practice","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13147","display_name":"Ethics and bioethics in healthcare","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/healthcare-workers","display_name":"healthcare workers","score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gift-acceptance","display_name":"gift acceptance","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conflict-of-interest","display_name":"conflicts of interest","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physician-patient-relationship","display_name":"physician-patient relationship","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethical-dilemmas","display_name":"ethical dilemmas","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-trust-in-health-care","display_name":"public trust in health care","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nurses","display_name":"nurses","score":0.4099999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physicians","display_name":"physicians","score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gratitude","display_name":"gratitude","score":0.5659999847412109}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.6409000158309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779930795","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2728730","display_name":"Gratitude","level":2,"score":0.6270999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777276634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211067","display_name":"Conflict of interest","level":2,"score":0.4934999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.49129998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4625999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779137570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16243196","display_name":"EXPOSE","level":2,"score":0.42100000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.4108000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.3962000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.3831000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.37689998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3465999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779328685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475557","display_name":"Patient safety","level":3,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85079727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560114","display_name":"Quarter (Canadian coin)","level":2,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126086293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q237151","display_name":"Medical ethics","level":2,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986711855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294308","display_name":"Public healthcare","level":3,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909332208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2669281","display_name":"Patient confidentiality","level":3,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153693270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194980","display_name":"Intangible good","level":2,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18502/jimc.v9i4.22449","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jimc.v9i4.22449","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jimc.v9i4.22449","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210221549","display_name":"Journal of Iranian Medical Council","issn_l":"2645-338X","issn":["2645-338X","2645-3398"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319396","host_organization_name":"Knowledge E","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319396"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Knowledge E"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Iranian Medical Council","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9476000070571899}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2065271380","https://openalex.org/W2157438207","https://openalex.org/W2742176157","https://openalex.org/W1571296985","https://openalex.org/W1708264967","https://openalex.org/W2279354881","https://openalex.org/W4404762884","https://openalex.org/W2030289688","https://openalex.org/W3208051272","https://openalex.org/W2554915816"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Healthcare":[1],"professionals\u203a":[2],"acceptance":[3],"of":[4,19,125,137,160,166,237],"gifts":[5],"poses":[6],"ethical":[7,232],"dilemmas,":[8],"potentially":[9],"biasing":[10],"clinical":[11],"decisions":[12],"and":[13,28,59,77,80,105,121,185,231,239],"eroding":[14],"public":[15,241],"trust.":[16],"The":[17,69,128,133],"aim":[18],"this":[20],"study":[21,39,112],"is":[22],"to":[23,30,48,55,66,107,153,234],"investigate":[24],"the":[25,171,195,206,226],"prevalence,":[26],"motivations,":[27,104],"responses":[29,106],"gift-giving":[31],"among":[32],"healthcare":[33,115,213,244],"staff.":[34],"Methods:":[35],"An":[36],"analytical":[37],"cross-sectional":[38],"was":[40,53,64,71,82,140],"conducted":[41],"at":[42],"Razi":[43],"Hospital,":[44],"Rasht,":[45],"from":[46],"January":[47],"June":[49],"2024.":[50],"Convenience":[51],"sampling":[52],"used":[54,65],"recruit":[56],"physicians,":[57],"nurses,":[58],"residents.":[60],"A":[61],"valid":[62],"questionnaire":[63],"collect":[67],"data.":[68],"validity":[70],"ensured":[72],"through":[73],"expert":[74],"panel":[75],"review":[76],"pilot":[78],"testing,":[79],"reliability":[81],"confirmed":[83],"by":[84,220],"calculating":[85],"Cronbach\u2019s":[86],"alpha":[87],"which":[88],"showed":[89],"acceptable":[90],"internal":[91],"consistency.":[92],"After":[93],"obtaining":[94],"informed":[95],"consent,":[96],"participants":[97,173],"completed":[98],"questionnaires":[99],"detailing":[100],"gift":[101,108,138,189],"types,":[102],"timing,":[103],"offers.":[109],"Results:":[110],"This":[111],"involved":[113],"97":[114],"workers,":[116],"with":[117,194],"53.6%":[118],"being":[119,197],"male":[120],"an":[122],"average":[123],"age":[124],"43.6":[126],"years.":[127],"majority":[129],"were":[130,149,191],"nurses":[131,192],"(67%).":[132,147],"most":[134],"common":[135],"type":[136],"received":[139,179],"goods":[141],"(45.6%),":[142],"usually":[143],"given":[144],"before":[145],"hospitalization":[146],"Gifts":[148],"refused":[150],"mainly":[151],"due":[152],"rules":[154],"against":[155],"accepting":[156],"them":[157],"(42.3%),":[158],"lack":[159],"personal":[161],"need":[162,227],"(5.2%),":[163],"or":[164],"fear":[165],"potential":[167],"consequences":[168],"(6.1%).":[169],"Among":[170],"45":[172],"(46.39%)":[174],"who":[175],"accepted":[176],"gifts,":[177,216],"53.3%":[178],"cash,":[180,218],"24.4%":[181],"goods,":[182],"17.8%":[183],"services,":[184],"4.5%":[186],"influence.":[187],"Most":[188],"recipients":[190],"(71.2%),":[193],"remainder":[196],"other":[198],"medical":[199],"staff":[200,214],"(28.8%),":[201],"all":[202],"indicating":[203],"gratitude":[204],"as":[205],"primary":[207],"reason":[208],"for":[209,228],"acceptance.":[210],"Conclusion:":[211],"Many":[212],"accept":[215],"often":[217],"driven":[219],"patient":[221],"gratitude.":[222],"These":[223],"findings":[224],"underscore":[225],"clear":[229],"policies":[230],"training":[233],"mitigate":[235],"conflicts":[236],"interest":[238],"maintain":[240],"trust":[242],"in":[243]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-09-02T00:00:00"}
