{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204883472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajoger/2026/v9i3293","title":"Porosity and Formation Factor in Coastal Sands: Micro-CT Insights into Grain-Scale Controls and Clay Influence","display_name":"Porosity and Formation Factor in Coastal Sands: Micro-CT Insights into Grain-Scale Controls and Clay Influence","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204883472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajoger/2026/v9i3293"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.9734/ajoger/2026/v9i3293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajoger/2026/v9i3293","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajoger/2026/v9i3293","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Asian Journal of Geological Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajoger/2026/v9i3293","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014203759","display_name":"Mohammed Ali Garba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6247-8702","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6247-8702"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876237426","display_name":"Gombe State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04fbh1w34","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876237426"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Ali Garba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geology, Gombe State University, Gombe, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geology, Gombe State University, Gombe, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876237426"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014203759"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876237426"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57174174,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"3","first_page":"1074","last_page":"1091"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10572","display_name":"Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods","score":0.8744999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10572","display_name":"Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods","score":0.8744999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10894","display_name":"Groundwater flow and contamination studies","score":0.10499999672174454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10716","display_name":"Soil and Unsaturated Flow","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/porosity","display_name":"porosity","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coastal-sand","display_name":"coastal sand","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beach-sand","display_name":"beach sand","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/archie-s-law","display_name":"Archie's law","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clay-content","display_name":"clay content","score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-conductivity","display_name":"electrical conductivity","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pore-scale-structure","display_name":"pore-scale structure","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representative-volume-element","display_name":"representative volume element","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-conduction","display_name":"surface conduction","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coastal-aquifers","display_name":"coastal aquifers","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unconsolidated-sediments","display_name":"unconsolidated sediments","score":0.8019999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6648577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622669","display_name":"Porosity","level":2,"score":0.8586000204086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.6765999794006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199289684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353","display_name":"Mineralogy","level":1,"score":0.588699996471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130452526","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180621","display_name":"Diagenesis","level":2,"score":0.45080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60591178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q488986","display_name":"Electrical resistivity tomography","level":3,"score":0.42489999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.3962000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192191005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466491","display_name":"Grain size","level":2,"score":0.3937000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987184904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65402698","display_name":"Electrical conduction","level":3,"score":0.3725999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69990965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65402698","display_name":"Electrical resistivity and conductivity","level":2,"score":0.35249999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77993745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072364","display_name":"Shape factor","level":2,"score":0.34709998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.28760001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63184880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2783041","display_name":"Hydraulic conductivity","level":3,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105569014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3271208","display_name":"Porous medium","level":3,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17409809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764","display_name":"Geochemistry","level":1,"score":0.2603999972343445}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.9734/ajoger/2026/v9i3293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajoger/2026/v9i3293","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajoger/2026/v9i3293","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Asian Journal of Geological Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05736779v1","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05736779","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405252976","host_organization_name":"Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252976"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Asian Journal of Geological Research, 2026, 9 (3), pp.1074-1091","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.9734/ajoger/2026/v9i3293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajoger/2026/v9i3293","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajoger/2026/v9i3293","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Asian Journal of Geological Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3003314454","https://openalex.org/W2914757722","https://openalex.org/W1862213908","https://openalex.org/W2791700726","https://openalex.org/W2071450581","https://openalex.org/W2119934871","https://openalex.org/W4327726833","https://openalex.org/W2016236926","https://openalex.org/W1991837011","https://openalex.org/W7038538763"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0,106],"experimental":[1],"and":[2,12,29,43,46,73,103,113,120,124,130,164,174,193,210],"micro-computed":[3],"tomography":[4],"(micro-CT)":[5],"study":[6],"of":[7,22,50,60,137,151,182,214],"the":[8,47,118,148,179,190],"relationship":[9,109],"between":[10,110],"porosity":[11,82,114],"electrical":[13,39,166,204],"formation":[14,91,111,125,162],"factor":[15,92,112,126],"(FF)":[16],"is":[17],"presented":[18],"for":[19,199,211],"a":[20],"suite":[21],"coastal":[23,208,215],"sands.":[24],"Beach":[25],"sands":[26,55],"from":[27,65,74,84,94],"Scarborough":[28],"Cottesloe":[30],"(Western":[31],"Australia)":[32],"were":[33],"analysed":[34],"to":[35,68,76,87,97],"determine":[36],"bulk":[37],"porosity,":[38],"transport":[40,205],"behaviour,":[41],"grain-":[42],"pore-scale":[44,201],"structure,":[45],"possible":[48,170],"effects":[49,173],"clay":[51],"on":[52,100,203],"conductivity.":[53],"Clean":[54],"had":[56],"laboratory":[57,119,192],"packing":[58],"porosities":[59],"0.26\u20130.44.":[61],"Formation":[62],"factors":[63,163],"ranged":[64,83,93],"approximately":[66,85,95],"3.96":[67],"8.54":[69],"in":[70,78,117,206],"flow-cell":[71],"experiments":[72],"4.0":[75],"6.9":[77],"static-cell":[79],"experiments.":[80],"Micro-CT-derived":[81],"0.25":[86],"0.46,":[88],"whereas":[89],"finite-element-derived":[90],"3.8":[96],"10.1,":[98],"depending":[99],"cube":[101,135],"size":[102],"microstructural":[104],"heterogeneity.":[105],"Archie-type":[107],"inverse":[108],"was":[115,185],"observed":[116],"digital":[121],"datasets.":[122],"Porosity":[123],"became":[127],"less":[128],"variable":[129],"approached":[131],"laboratory-scale":[132],"behaviour":[133,143],"over":[134],"sizes":[136],"500\u00b3\u2013700\u00b3":[138],"voxels,":[139],"suggesting":[140],"practical":[141],"REV":[142],"at":[144],"this":[145],"scale;":[146],"however,":[147],"limited":[149],"number":[150],"independent":[152],"700\u00b3":[153],"realisations":[154],"warrants":[155],"cautious":[156],"interpretation.":[157],"Clay-bearing":[158],"samples":[159],"showed":[160],"higher":[161],"slower":[165],"stabilisation,":[167],"consistent":[168],"with":[169],"clay-related":[171],"interfacial":[172],"heterogeneous":[175],"pore":[176],"geometry,":[177],"although":[178],"specific":[180],"contribution":[181],"surface":[183],"conduction":[184],"not":[186],"independently":[187],"demonstrated.":[188],"Overall,":[189],"combined":[191],"micro-CT":[194],"approach":[195],"provides":[196],"complementary":[197],"information":[198],"understanding":[200],"controls":[202],"unconsolidated":[207],"sediments":[209],"hydrogeophysical":[212],"characterisation":[213],"aquifers.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-25T09:29:13.331239","created_date":"2026-09-02T00:00:00"}