{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204873304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/2012898","title":"Graph Neural Network\u2013Based State\u2010of\u2010Health Estimation Applying Interpretable Distribution of Relaxation Times Features Extracted From Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy","display_name":"Graph Neural Network\u2013Based State\u2010of\u2010Health Estimation Applying Interpretable Distribution of Relaxation Times Features Extracted From Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204873304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/2012898"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/etep/2012898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/2012898","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/2012898","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/etep/2012898","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500072609","display_name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","issn_l":"2050-7038","issn":["2050-7038"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/etep/2012898","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120582338","display_name":"Barancira Ted Doral","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4103-903X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4103-903X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196345858","display_name":"Chungnam National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0227as991","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196345858"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barancira Ted Doral","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy Storage Conversion Laboratory ,  Department of Electrical Engineering ,  Chungnam National University ,  Daejeon 34134 ,  South Korea , cnu.ac.kr"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4103-903X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy Storage Conversion Laboratory ,  Department of Electrical Engineering ,  Chungnam National University ,  Daejeon 34134 ,  South Korea , cnu.ac.kr","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196345858"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030467779","display_name":"Oluwaseun Isaiah Ekuewa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0904-9854","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0904-9854"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196345858","display_name":"Chungnam National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0227as991","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196345858"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oluwaseun I. Ekuewa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy Storage Conversion Laboratory ,  Department of Electrical Engineering ,  Chungnam National University ,  Daejeon 34134 ,  South Korea , cnu.ac.kr"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0904-9854","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy Storage Conversion Laboratory ,  Department of Electrical Engineering ,  Chungnam National University ,  Daejeon 34134 ,  South Korea , cnu.ac.kr","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196345858"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105104122","display_name":"Femi E. Okemakinde","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8617-4999","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8617-4999"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196345858","display_name":"Chungnam National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0227as991","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196345858"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Femi E. Okemakinde","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy Storage Conversion Laboratory ,  Department of Electrical Engineering ,  Chungnam National University ,  Daejeon 34134 ,  South Korea , cnu.ac.kr"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8617-4999","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy Storage Conversion Laboratory ,  Department of Electrical Engineering ,  Chungnam National University ,  Daejeon 34134 ,  South Korea , cnu.ac.kr","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196345858"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134736561","display_name":"Sein Oh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7429-314X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7429-314X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391768162","display_name":"Korea Transportation Safety Authority","ror":"https://ror.org/023pce284","country_code":"KR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391768162"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sein Oh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea Advanced Vehicle Inspection Research Center ,  Korea Transportation Safety Authority ,  Gimcheon-si 39660 , Gyeongsangbuk-do,  South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7429-314X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Advanced Vehicle Inspection Research Center ,  Korea Transportation Safety Authority ,  Gimcheon-si 39660 , Gyeongsangbuk-do,  South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391768162"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019849542","display_name":"Seok-Teak Yun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8218-5090","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8218-5090"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189442560","display_name":"Gyeongsang National University","ror":"https://ror.org/00saywf64","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189442560"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Seok-Teak Yun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Space System Design Laboratory ,  School of Aerospace Engineering ,  Gyeongsang National University ,  Jinju 52828 ,  South Korea , gnu.ac.kr"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8218-5090","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space System Design Laboratory ,  School of Aerospace Engineering ,  Gyeongsang National University ,  Jinju 52828 ,  South Korea , gnu.ac.kr","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189442560"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100409360","display_name":"Jonghoon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8757-547X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8757-547X","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9094-7375"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196345858","display_name":"Chungnam National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0227as991","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196345858"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jonghoon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy Storage Conversion Laboratory ,  Department of Electrical Engineering ,  Chungnam National University ,  Daejeon 34134 ,  South Korea , cnu.ac.kr"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8757-547X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy Storage Conversion Laboratory ,  Department of Electrical Engineering ,  Chungnam National University ,  Daejeon 34134 ,  South Korea , cnu.ac.kr","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196345858"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019849542","https://openalex.org/A5100409360"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189442560","https://openalex.org/I196345858"],"apc_list":{"value":2350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2350},"apc_paid":{"value":2350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2350},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2026","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Battery Modeling and Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Battery Modeling and Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10018","display_name":"Advancements in Battery Materials","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12737","display_name":"Electrical Fault Detection and Protection","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithium-ion-battery-state-of-health-estimation","display_name":"lithium-ion battery state of health estimation","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution-of-relaxation-times","display_name":"distribution of relaxation times","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrochemical-impedance-spectroscopy","display_name":"electrochemical impedance spectroscopy","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-neural-networks","display_name":"graph neural networks","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-degradation","display_name":"battery degradation","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solid-electrolyte-interphase","display_name":"solid electrolyte interphase","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charge-transfer-band","display_name":"charge transfer band","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-management-systems","display_name":"battery management systems","score":0.8450000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5378999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152442038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2778212","display_name":"Tikhonov regularization","level":3,"score":0.5138000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.47040000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4672999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7040849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899580","display_name":"Dielectric spectroscopy","level":4,"score":0.447299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4090999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3935000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180356752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727035","display_name":"Adjacency matrix","level":3,"score":0.3903000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3822000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17829176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179043","display_name":"Electrical impedance","level":2,"score":0.3736000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.35749998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88230418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131476","display_name":"Graph theory","level":2,"score":0.3488999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3361999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106937863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7236518","display_name":"Power graph analysis","level":3,"score":0.3327000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.31690001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.3052999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164660894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2037833","display_name":"Piecewise","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.2612000107765198}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/etep/2012898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/2012898","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/2012898","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/etep/2012898","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500072609","display_name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","issn_l":"2050-7038","issn":["2050-7038"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e109a4b28622454497eacf56ac24fd80","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e109a4b28622454497eacf56ac24fd80","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, Vol 2026 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/etep/2012898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/2012898","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/2012898","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/etep/2012898","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2500072609","display_name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","issn_l":"2050-7038","issn":["2050-7038"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.75}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2274029168","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-202400398346","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335199","funder_display_name":"Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6616874528","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2025-02309323","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324625","funder_display_name":"Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324625","display_name":"Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement","ror":"https://ror.org/00rxf7n07"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335199","display_name":"Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/02zq38y32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204873304.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204873304.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991243397","https://openalex.org/W2052648206","https://openalex.org/W2082653589","https://openalex.org/W2201263372","https://openalex.org/W2300031958","https://openalex.org/W3041286049","https://openalex.org/W4205371363","https://openalex.org/W4220696013","https://openalex.org/W4281630554","https://openalex.org/W4292265625","https://openalex.org/W4292551129","https://openalex.org/W4293536202","https://openalex.org/W4315784227","https://openalex.org/W4361858699","https://openalex.org/W4376612800","https://openalex.org/W4381663952","https://openalex.org/W4382940595","https://openalex.org/W4386866622","https://openalex.org/W4387369476","https://openalex.org/W4387537263","https://openalex.org/W4391484993","https://openalex.org/W4394844490","https://openalex.org/W4399430129","https://openalex.org/W4401983756","https://openalex.org/W4402716758","https://openalex.org/W4404020304","https://openalex.org/W4404563838","https://openalex.org/W4406764162","https://openalex.org/W4408566570","https://openalex.org/W4409000325","https://openalex.org/W4410291636","https://openalex.org/W4410356203"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4406382393","https://openalex.org/W4406764162","https://openalex.org/W4413655448","https://openalex.org/W7214043295","https://openalex.org/W7215122655","https://openalex.org/W4396636796","https://openalex.org/W7127933632","https://openalex.org/W4409763664","https://openalex.org/W4391708202","https://openalex.org/W7170133128"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multiple":[0],"methods":[1,20],"have":[2],"been":[3],"used":[4,132],"for":[5,124],"estimating":[6],"the":[7,23,31,50,55,58,67,81,86,133,146,167,197,203,209,229],"state\u2010of\u2010health":[8],"(SOH)":[9],"of":[10,30,60,148],"a":[11,27,39,93,102,128,180,234],"lithium\u2010ion":[12],"battery":[13,51,218,256],"(LIB),":[14],"but":[15],"rarely":[16],"do":[17],"we":[18,34,100,131],"see":[19],"that":[21,41,238],"compute":[22],"SOH":[24,125,211],"and":[25,44,98,112,119,138,159,202],"provide":[26],"physical":[28],"interpretation":[29],"battery.":[32],"Therefore,":[33],"introduce":[35],"in":[36,166,213],"this":[37],"study":[38],"framework":[40],"integrates":[42],"graph\u2010based":[43,149],"conventional":[45],"learning":[46],"techniques":[47],"to":[48,144,223,253],"assess":[49],"degradation":[52,246],"by":[53],"extracting":[54],"features":[56,242],"from":[57,221],"distribution":[59],"relaxation":[61],"times":[62],"(DRTs).":[63],"We":[64],"first":[65],"changed":[66],"electrochemical":[68,245],"impedance":[69],"spectroscopy":[70],"(EIS)":[71],"data":[72],"into":[73],"non\u2010negative":[74],"DRT":[75,185],"features,":[76],"which":[77],"were":[78],"obtained":[79],"through":[80,179],"adaptive":[82],"Tikhonov":[83],"regularization":[84],"with":[85,172,184],"regularized":[87],"least":[88],"square":[89],"inversion.":[90],"From":[91],"this,":[92],"graph\u2010structured":[94],"representation":[95],"is":[96,232],"represented,":[97],"then":[99],"use":[101],"graph":[103,110,115,120],"neural":[104],"network":[105,117,122],"(GNN)":[106],"architecture,":[107],"such":[108],"as":[109,208],"sample":[111],"aggregate":[113],"(GraphSAGE),":[114],"convolutional":[116],"(GCN),":[118],"attention":[121],"(GAT),":[123],"regression.":[126],"As":[127],"nongraph":[129],"benchmark,":[130],"support":[134],"vector":[135],"regression":[136],"(SVR)":[137],"long":[139],"short\u2010term":[140],"memory":[141],"(LSTM)":[142],"networks":[143],"evaluate":[145],"performance":[147],"models.":[150],"GraphSAGE":[151],"achieved":[152],"R":[153,160],"2":[154,161],"=":[155,162],"0.838":[156],"on":[157,164],"B0005":[158],"0.851":[163],"B0006":[165],"optimal":[168],"configuration,":[169],"demonstrating":[170],"competitiveness":[171],"SVR.":[173],"The":[174,193],"pipeline":[175],"robustness":[176],"was":[177],"confirmed":[178,225],"three\u2010level":[181],"bootstrap":[182],"analysis":[183,194],"peak":[186],"uncertainty":[187],"below":[188],"5%":[189],"under":[190],"realistic":[191],"noise.":[192],"also":[195,233],"identified":[196],"solid":[198],"electrolyte":[199],"interface":[200],"(SEI)":[201],"charge\u2010transfer":[204],"band":[205],"(3\u201310":[206],"ms)":[207],"dominant":[210],"indicator":[212],"our":[214],"case.":[215],"Four":[216],"additional":[217],"groups,":[219],"spanning":[220],"4\u00b0C":[222],"44\u00b0C,":[224],"cross\u2010condition":[226],"transferability.":[227],"Since":[228],"DRT\u2010GNN":[230],"method":[231],"computationally":[235],"lightweight":[236],"approach":[237],"provides":[239],"physically":[240],"interpretable":[241],"reflecting":[243],"ongoing":[244],"processes,":[247],"it":[248],"can":[249],"potentially":[250],"be":[251],"extended":[252],"an":[254],"online":[255],"management":[257],"system":[258],"(BMS).":[259]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-09-02T00:00:00"}