{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204873044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.30392","title":"Foundation Models Meet Agriculture: Challenges Beyond Pretraining","display_name":"Foundation Models Meet Agriculture: Challenges Beyond Pretraining","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204873044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.30392"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.30392","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.30392","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.30392","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.30392","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136491624","display_name":"Vishal Nedungadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3054-7468","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3054-7468"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nedungadi, Vishal","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000165736","display_name":"Xingguo Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8635-8764","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8635-8764"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiong, Xingguo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012237329","display_name":"Marc Ru\u00dfwurm","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6612-5744","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6612-5744"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ru\u00dfwurm, Marc","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070260526","display_name":"Ioannis N. Athanasiadis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2764-0078","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2764-0078"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Athanasiadis, Ioannis N.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.7480000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.7480000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.2418999969959259,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.002400000113993883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-monitoring","display_name":"agricultural monitoring","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodal-data","display_name":"multimodal data","score":0.40700000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/yield-prediction","display_name":"yield prediction","score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crop-classification","display_name":"crop classification","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-generalization","display_name":"model generalization","score":0.6769999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.6697999835014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5205000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.4512999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.426800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.40880000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39399123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1348989","display_name":"Earth observation","level":3,"score":0.4002000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C549605437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1229911","display_name":"Food security","level":3,"score":0.39570000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3407999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.3160000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.31459999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.30869999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2863999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.28220000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80368990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3046459","display_name":"Earth system science","level":2,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.25459998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.30392","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.30392","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.30392","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.30392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.30392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.30392","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.30392","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.30392","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.30392","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7142999768257141,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6891925593","https://openalex.org/W4416728495","https://openalex.org/W4400104757","https://openalex.org/W7141622182","https://openalex.org/W4414197660","https://openalex.org/W7167905935","https://openalex.org/W4399116883","https://openalex.org/W7135218807","https://openalex.org/W7166696675","https://openalex.org/W4414197516"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Global":[0],"food":[1],"security":[2],"and":[3,57,103,117,192,203],"sustainable":[4],"climate":[5],"action":[6],"increasingly":[7],"rely":[8],"on":[9],"robust,":[10],"scalable":[11],"agricultural":[12,36,55,88,110,127,163,205],"monitoring.":[13],"Earth":[14],"observation":[15,64,93,138],"foundation":[16,65,85,94,97,139,148,219],"models":[17,66,86,140,174],"have":[18,38],"emerged":[19],"as":[20],"powerful,":[21],"label-efficient":[22],"tools":[23],"across":[24,107,166,185],"general":[25],"remote":[26],"sensing":[27],"domains,":[28],"yet":[29],"early":[30],"attempts":[31],"to":[32,67,69,144,170,176],"deploy":[33],"them":[34],"for":[35,100,151,212],"applications":[37],"yielded":[39],"surprisingly":[40],"poor":[41],"results.":[42],"We":[43],"hypothesize":[44],"that":[45,136],"this":[46,73,155],"performance":[47],"gap":[48],"stems":[49],"from":[50],"the":[51,58,82,162,198,214],"extreme":[52],"heterogeneity":[53,156],"of":[54,61,84,217],"landscapes":[56],"inherent":[59],"inability":[60],"current":[62,173],"earth":[63,92,137],"adapt":[68],"task-specific":[70],"nuances.":[71],"In":[72],"work,":[74],"we":[75,121,160],"systematically":[76],"evaluate":[77],"two":[78,91],"critical":[79],"bottlenecks":[80],"hindering":[81],"deployment":[83],"in":[87,180],"tasks,":[89],"benchmarking":[90],"models,":[95],"a":[96,123,147,209],"model":[98,149,183],"designed":[99],"tabular":[101,152],"data,":[102,207],"conventional":[104],"supervised":[105],"baselines":[106],"seven":[108],"real-world":[109],"datasets":[111],"spanning":[112],"yield":[113],"prediction,":[114],"phenology":[115],"estimation,":[116],"crop":[118],"classification.":[119],"First,":[120],"identify":[122],"pretraining-deployment":[124],"modality":[125],"gap:":[126],"downstream":[128,206],"tasks":[129],"frequently":[130],"require":[131],"diverse,":[132],"non-imagery":[133],"data":[134,153],"modalities":[135],"are":[141],"architecturally":[142],"unequipped":[143],"ingest,":[145],"while":[146],"built":[150],"handles":[154],"more":[157],"naturally.":[158],"Second,":[159],"formalize":[161],"task":[164],"space":[165],"five":[167],"structural":[168,191],"axes":[169],"demonstrate":[171],"why":[172],"fail":[175],"generalize":[177],"reliably,":[178],"resulting":[179],"highly":[181],"unstable":[182],"rankings":[184],"evaluation":[186],"settings.":[187],"By":[188],"characterizing":[189],"these":[190],"modal":[193],"gaps,":[194],"our":[195],"insights":[196],"highlight":[197],"friction":[199],"between":[200],"general-purpose":[201],"architectures":[202],"specialized":[204],"providing":[208],"strategic":[210],"roadmap":[211],"developing":[213],"next":[215],"generation":[216],"domain-aware":[218],"models.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-09-02T00:00:00"}
