{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204868956","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.28606","title":"Cognitive Cells: A Compositional Framework for Populations of Small Language Models","display_name":"Cognitive Cells: A Compositional Framework for Populations of Small Language Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204868956","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.28606"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.28606","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.28606","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.28606","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.28606","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069550485","display_name":"Silvan Ferreira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6269-494X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6269-494X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35046152","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte","ror":"https://ror.org/04wn09761","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35046152"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ferreira, Silvan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Digital Metropolis Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal , RN , Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Digital Metropolis Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal , RN , Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35046152"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069550485"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35046152"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.7455999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.7455999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14381","display_name":"Psychiatry, Mental Health, Neuroscience","score":0.09969999641180038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.028200000524520874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-agent-systems","display_name":"multi-agent systems","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-cognition","display_name":"artificial cognition","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting","display_name":"voting","score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication-topology","display_name":"communication topology","score":0.6119999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debate","display_name":"debate","score":0.37599998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collective-behavior","display_name":"collective behavior","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-correlation","display_name":"error correlation","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-capacity","display_name":"memory capacity","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compositional-framework","display_name":"compositional framework","score":0.4059999883174896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7166000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.5734000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5516999959945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5357000231742859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.4625000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90329073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q914232","display_name":"Ask price","level":2,"score":0.4560000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.40939998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.40860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38999998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781384022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172383","display_name":"Datasheet","level":2,"score":0.3781000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.3531999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781162219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26250693","display_name":"Replicate","level":2,"score":0.3531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.32899999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.3264999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37381756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20203288","display_name":"Representativeness heuristic","level":2,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779010991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2720909","display_name":"Artifact (error)","level":2,"score":0.3181999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161407221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4382939","display_name":"Cognitive model","level":3,"score":0.30869999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34388435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267362","display_name":"Bounded function","level":2,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777027219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111852164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414679","display_name":"Handover","level":2,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3264987","display_name":"Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)","level":2,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2540999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.28606","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.28606","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.28606","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.28606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.28606","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.28606","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.28606","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.28606","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.28606","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204868956.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204868956.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7124772458","https://openalex.org/W7134936858","https://openalex.org/W4416398086","https://openalex.org/W7223288806","https://openalex.org/W7133204228","https://openalex.org/W7170643724","https://openalex.org/W7220238070","https://openalex.org/W7162227475","https://openalex.org/W7092294466","https://openalex.org/W2410962411"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"work":[1],"on":[2,200,259],"large":[3],"language":[4,44],"models":[5,148],"and":[6,25,49,65,77,112,117,134,139,150,210],"agentic":[7],"systems":[8,31],"raises":[9],"a":[10,33,38,41,50,86,90,102,106,156,178,207,216,224,232,237,256],"basic":[11],"question":[12],"that":[13,82],"current":[14],"practice":[15],"leaves":[16],"open:":[17],"how":[18,125],"should":[19],"artificial":[20,261],"cognition":[21],"be":[22,277],"decomposed,":[23],"measured,":[24],"composed?":[26],"We":[27,100,249],"propose":[28],"studying":[29],"multi-agent":[30,265],"from":[32],"fixed":[34],"unit":[35,63],"we":[36,113,123,131,154],"call":[37],"cognitive":[39],"cell:":[40],"small,":[42],"frozen":[43,147],"model":[45,176],"with":[46,145],"bounded":[47],"memory":[48],"message":[51,75],"interface.":[52],"The":[53],"methodological":[54],"commitment,":[55],"the":[56,68,71,74,78,143,269],"fixed-cell":[57],"principle,":[58],"is":[59,177],"to":[60,227,276],"hold":[61],"this":[62],"constant":[64],"vary":[66],"only":[67,164],"population":[69,238],"size,":[70],"communication":[72],"topology,":[73],"bandwidth,":[76],"coordination":[79],"protocol,":[80],"so":[81],"collective":[83],"behavior":[84],"becomes":[85],"measurable":[87,110],"property":[88],"of":[89,97,109,159,272],"known":[91],"device":[92],"rather":[93,197],"than":[94,198],"an":[95],"artifact":[96],"per-study":[98],"engineering.":[99],"characterize":[101],"single":[103,246],"cell":[104,127],"by":[105],"compact":[107],"datasheet":[108,233],"parameters,":[111],"ask":[114],"when":[115,136,165],"replicating":[116],"connecting":[118],"cells":[119,162,273],"improves":[120],"performance:":[121],"first":[122,157],"measure":[124],"one":[126],"behaves":[128],"alone,":[129],"then":[130],"replicate":[132],"it":[133],"test":[135],"voting,":[137],"communication,":[138],"topology":[140],"help.":[141],"Instantiating":[142],"framework":[144],"small":[146],"(1.5":[149],"3":[151],"billion":[152],"parameters),":[153],"report":[155],"round":[158],"measurements.":[160],"Adding":[161],"helps":[163],"their":[166],"errors":[167,190],"are":[168,191],"not":[169,214],"too":[170],"correlated.":[171],"A":[172],"simple":[173],"correct/incorrect":[174],"voting":[175,185,218],"useful":[179],"but":[180],"conservative":[181],"null:":[182],"real":[183],"open-ended":[184],"can":[186,239],"exceed":[187],"it,":[188],"because":[189],"dispersed":[192],"across":[193],"many":[194],"wrong":[195],"answers":[196],"concentrated":[199],"one.":[201],"Popular":[202],"interactive":[203],"protocols,":[204],"namely":[205],"debate,":[206],"shared":[208],"blackboard,":[209],"chain":[211],"revision,":[212],"do":[213],"beat":[215],"matched-cost":[217],"baseline":[219],"in":[220,263],"our":[221],"setting.":[222],"Finally,":[223],"cell's":[225,247],"ability":[226],"relay":[228],"several":[229],"facts,":[230],"itself":[231],"quantity,":[234],"predicts":[235],"whether":[236],"solve":[240],"tasks":[241],"whose":[242],"evidence":[243],"exceeds":[244],"any":[245],"memory.":[248],"present":[250],"these":[251],"as":[252,268,279],"initial":[253],"measurements":[254],"within":[255],"broader":[257],"program":[258],"scalable":[260],"cognition,":[262],"which":[264],"architectures":[266],"appear":[267],"special":[270],"case":[271],"autonomous":[274],"enough":[275],"treated":[278],"agents.":[280]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-09-02T00:00:00"}