{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204863243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14090544","title":"Guided Dual-Attention Networks for Compact Driver Drowsiness Detection: Performance, Calibration, and Edge Deployment","display_name":"Guided Dual-Attention Networks for Compact Driver Drowsiness Detection: Performance, Calibration, and Edge Deployment","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204863243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14090544"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/technologies14090544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14090544","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14090544","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738348041","display_name":"Technologies","issn_l":"2227-7080","issn":["2227-7080"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14090544","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017175398","display_name":"Yasmeen M. Hussein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7701-5748","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7701-5748"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115078","display_name":"Middle Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02fvkg758","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115078"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yasmeen M. Hussein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University, Baghdad 10065, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7701-5748","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University, Baghdad 10065, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115078"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062266191","display_name":"Raaed F. Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6987-7386","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6987-7386"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115078","display_name":"Middle Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02fvkg758","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115078"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Raaed F. Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University, Baghdad 10065, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6987-7386","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University, Baghdad 10065, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115078"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031968906","display_name":"Raad Farhood Chisab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9622-8602","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9622-8602"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115078","display_name":"Middle Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02fvkg758","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115078"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raad Farhood Chisab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical Institute Kut, Middle Technical University, Kut 52001, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9622-8602","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical Institute Kut, Middle Technical University, Kut 52001, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115078"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017175398","https://openalex.org/A5062266191"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115078"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1930},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1930},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73998065,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"9","first_page":"544","last_page":"544"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9301999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9301999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.053599998354911804,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.003000000026077032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driver-drowsiness-detection","display_name":"driver drowsiness detection","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attention-mechanism","display_name":"attention mechanism","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-attention","display_name":"spatial attention","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-attention","display_name":"channel attention","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-block-attention-module","display_name":"CBAM","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-imbalance","display_name":"class imbalance","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-compression","display_name":"model compression","score":0.5360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"calibration","score":0.414000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-dataset-generalization","display_name":"cross-dataset generalization","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-inference","display_name":"real-time inference","score":0.9810000061988831}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.696399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136536468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1225894","display_name":"Undersampling","level":2,"score":0.6560999751091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5788000226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.5232999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5134000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202269582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2644277","display_name":"Complementarity (molecular biology)","level":2,"score":0.5002999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48919999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.46059998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4456999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4383000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.41499999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.3662000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34310001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.33320000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.33079999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32679998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146249460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914991","display_name":"Fixation (population genetics)","level":3,"score":0.3172999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3091000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.3077999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16910744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705759","display_name":"Test data","level":2,"score":0.2831999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776175482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195816","display_name":"Transfer (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81293917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4189534","display_name":"System deployment","level":3,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.25519999861717224}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/technologies14090544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14090544","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14090544","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738348041","display_name":"Technologies","issn_l":"2227-7080","issn":["2227-7080"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:465ba80b417a4d038ccb84e00ed54720","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/465ba80b417a4d038ccb84e00ed54720","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Technologies, Vol 14, Iss 9, p 544 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/technologies14090544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14090544","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14090544","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738348041","display_name":"Technologies","issn_l":"2227-7080","issn":["2227-7080"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2084413241","https://openalex.org/W2092728879","https://openalex.org/W2101956459","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2605351369","https://openalex.org/W2738749209","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W3016191499","https://openalex.org/W3034552520","https://openalex.org/W3106889297","https://openalex.org/W3177052299","https://openalex.org/W4221105443","https://openalex.org/W4361009304","https://openalex.org/W4384695038","https://openalex.org/W4400976810","https://openalex.org/W4408017120","https://openalex.org/W4408227997","https://openalex.org/W4409653040","https://openalex.org/W4410521096","https://openalex.org/W4411939329"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,27],"present":[1],"a":[2],"comprehensive":[3],"empirical":[4],"study":[5],"of":[6,117],"attention":[7,38,76,87],"mechanisms":[8],"for":[9,142],"eye-based":[10],"driver":[11],"drowsiness":[12],"detection,":[13],"evaluating":[14],"13":[15],"model":[16,134],"variants":[17],"across":[18],"accuracy,":[19],"calibration,":[20],"cross-dataset":[21],"generalization,":[22],"and":[23,102],"FPGA":[24],"edge":[25,164],"deployment.":[26],"introduce":[28],"the":[29,48,66,70,80,89,97,118,150],"Guided":[30],"Dual-Attention":[31],"Unit":[32],"(GDAU),":[33],"which":[34],"combines":[35],"position-aware":[36],"spatial":[37],"with":[39,112],"SE":[40],"channel":[41],"attention.":[42],"The":[43],"data":[44],"pipeline":[45],"first":[46],"splits":[47],"full":[49],"imbalanced":[50,72],"dataset":[51],"(103,803":[52],"images,":[53],"5.9:1":[54],"ratio)":[55],"into":[56],"stratified":[57],"train/validation/test":[58],"subsets;":[59],"then,":[60],"it":[61],"applies":[62],"undersampling":[63],"only":[64,113],"to":[65],"training":[67],"set.":[68],"On":[69,149],"naturally":[71],"test":[73],"set,":[74],"no":[75],"mechanism":[77],"significantly":[78],"outperforms":[79],"others":[81],"on":[82],"an":[83],"identical":[84],"backbone:":[85],"Channel":[86],"achieves":[88,96,107,157],"highest":[90,98],"raw":[91],"accuracy":[92,100,109,129],"(83.86%),":[93],"while":[94],"CBAM-L":[95],"balanced":[99,128],"(86.77%)":[101],"ROC":[103],"AUC":[104],"(0.927).":[105],"GDAN":[106],"82.83%":[108],"(85.99%":[110],"balanced)":[111],"2.19":[114],"M":[115],"parameters\u2014half":[116],"baseline\u2019s":[119],"4.29":[120],"M.":[121],"Component":[122],"ablation":[123],"confirms":[124],"spatial\u2013channel":[125],"complementarity":[126],"(+2.37%":[127],"over":[130],"baseline).":[131],"No":[132],"single":[133],"dominates":[135],"all":[136,143],"calibration":[137],"metrics.":[138],"Cross-dataset":[139],"transfer":[140],"fails":[141],"architectures":[144],"(48\u201357%,":[145],"near":[146],"random":[147],"chance).":[148],"physical":[151],"Xilinx":[152],"Kria":[153],"KV260,":[154],"DPU-accelerated":[155],"inference":[156],"0.481\u20131.116":[158],"ms":[159],"(896\u20132077":[160],"FPS),":[161],"confirming":[162],"real-time":[163],"deployment":[165],"feasibility.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-27T08:07:27.782135","created_date":"2026-09-02T00:00:00"}