{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204863170","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5038/1944.0472.19.3.2562","title":"Structural Dependency: NATO, Defense Industry Politics, and Europe\u2019s Stagnation","display_name":"Structural Dependency: NATO, Defense Industry Politics, and Europe\u2019s Stagnation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204863170","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5038/1944.0472.19.3.2562"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5038/1944.0472.19.3.2562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5038/1944.0472.19.3.2562","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5038/1944.0472.19.3.2562","pdf_url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2562&context=jss","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737156544","display_name":"Journal of Strategic Security","issn_l":"1944-0464","issn":["1944-0464","1944-0472"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316047","host_organization_name":"Henley-Putnam University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316047"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Henley-Putnam University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Strategic Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2562&context=jss","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012056237","display_name":"Diane Maye Zorri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7294-325X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7294-325X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169768744","display_name":"Norwich University","ror":"https://ror.org/04we7d902","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169768744"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Diane M Zorri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwich University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwich University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169768744"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012056237"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169768744"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"3","first_page":"77","last_page":"90"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12825","display_name":"Defense, Military, and Policy Studies","score":0.9628999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12825","display_name":"Defense, Military, and Policy Studies","score":0.9628999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13369","display_name":"European and Russian Geopolitical Military Strategies","score":0.011900000274181366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14302","display_name":"European Politics and Security","score":0.011599999852478504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nato","display_name":"NATO","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-defense-industry","display_name":"European defence industry","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transatlantic-alliance","display_name":"transatlantic alliance","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path-dependence","display_name":"path dependence","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency-theory","display_name":"dependency theory","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alliance-politics","display_name":"alliance politics","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defense-procurement","display_name":"defense acquisition","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interoperability","display_name":"interoperability","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technological-lock-in","display_name":"technological lock-in","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-autonomy","display_name":"industrial autonomy","score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-chain","display_name":"supply chain","score":0.43299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/russia-ukraine-war","display_name":"Russian invasion of Ukraine","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-inertia","display_name":"institutional inertia","score":0.6819999814033508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778431023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878249","display_name":"Alliance","level":2,"score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.5472999811172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.513700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169087156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2131593","display_name":"Framing (construction)","level":2,"score":0.4643999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.45590001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.4433000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.426800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201650216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q829492","display_name":"Procurement","level":2,"score":0.4194999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988724468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q392933","display_name":"Defence industry","level":2,"score":0.4075999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60643870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1949683","display_name":"Deterrence theory","level":2,"score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.38830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.3774999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018369621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52847","display_name":"European community","level":2,"score":0.3573000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3447999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3407000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87980944","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664112","display_name":"Industrial policy","level":2,"score":0.33309999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74363100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005","display_name":"Economic system","level":1,"score":0.329800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986359222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8683","display_name":"Cold war","level":3,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993406254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2226947","display_name":"European economy","level":3,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.2955999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155739000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877707","display_name":"Market structure","level":2,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190974861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048268","display_name":"European integration","level":3,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84265765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193219","display_name":"Subsidy","level":2,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992749281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1093521","display_name":"Path dependency","level":2,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.25279998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5038/1944.0472.19.3.2562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5038/1944.0472.19.3.2562","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5038/1944.0472.19.3.2562","pdf_url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2562&context=jss","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737156544","display_name":"Journal of Strategic Security","issn_l":"1944-0464","issn":["1944-0464","1944-0472"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316047","host_organization_name":"Henley-Putnam University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316047"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Henley-Putnam University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Strategic Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.usf.edu:jss-2562","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol19/iss3/4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196272","display_name":"Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","host_organization_name":"University of South Florida","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Strategic Security","raw_type":"regional_conflict_order"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5038/1944.0472.19.3.2562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5038/1944.0472.19.3.2562","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5038/1944.0472.19.3.2562","pdf_url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2562&context=jss","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737156544","display_name":"Journal of Strategic Security","issn_l":"1944-0464","issn":["1944-0464","1944-0472"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316047","host_organization_name":"Henley-Putnam University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316047"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Henley-Putnam University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Strategic Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8046000003814697},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.651199996471405}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204863170.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204863170.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967632854","https://openalex.org/W3046564737"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W275449488","https://openalex.org/W124498346","https://openalex.org/W7167726818","https://openalex.org/W7134892331","https://openalex.org/W2006474496","https://openalex.org/W4388862229","https://openalex.org/W7171708802","https://openalex.org/W4388865201","https://openalex.org/W7133079193","https://openalex.org/W2075080158"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Europe\u2019s":[0,195,233],"defense":[1,26,87],"industrial":[2,27,158],"base":[3],"(DIB)":[4],"weaknesses":[5],"are":[6],"commonly":[7],"attributed":[8],"to":[9,49,198],"underinvestment,":[10],"fragmented":[11,168],"policies,":[12],"or":[13,114],"a":[14,122,210],"lack":[15],"of":[16,65,110,125,181,202,213],"European":[17,25,47,115,134,146,169,216],"cohesiveness.":[18],"This":[19],"article":[20,69,223],"advances":[21],"an":[22],"alternative":[23],"explanation:":[24],"dependency":[28,59,106],"has":[29,193],"emerged":[30],"through":[31],"institutionalized":[32],"alliance":[33,66,140,229],"structures":[34],"that":[35,71],"systematically":[36],"privileged":[37],"US":[38,112,137,175,214],"capabilities":[39],"and":[40,44,63,90,100,133,144,153,171,204,215,228],"incentives,":[41],"becoming":[42],"self-reinforcing":[43],"difficult":[45],"for":[46],"actors":[48],"exit,":[50],"even":[51],"as":[52,107,121],"their":[53],"strategic":[54],"preferences":[55],"evolved.":[56],"Drawing":[57],"on":[58,174],"theory,":[60],"path":[61],"dependence,":[62],"theories":[64],"politics,":[67],"this":[68,182],"argues":[70],"transatlantic":[72],"security":[73,151],"arrangements":[74],"established":[75],"during":[76,188],"the":[77,108,117,189,222],"early":[78],"Cold":[79],"War,":[80,191],"most":[81],"notably":[82],"NATO\u2019s":[83],"integrated":[84],"command":[85],"structures,":[86],"procurement":[88],"norms,":[89],"interoperability":[91],"requirements,":[92],"have":[93,148,184,231],"generated":[94],"long-lasting":[95],"asymmetries":[96],"in":[97],"production,":[98,170],"technology,":[99],"market":[101],"access.":[102],"Rather":[103],"than":[104],"framing":[105],"product":[109],"deliberate":[111],"design":[113],"unwillingness,":[116],"analysis":[118,212],"conceptualizes":[119],"it":[120],"structural":[123],"outcome":[124],"mutually":[126],"reinforcing":[127],"choices":[128,164],"made":[129],"by":[130],"both":[131],"American":[132],"actors.":[135],"While":[136],"policies":[138],"prioritized":[139],"cohesion,":[141],"operational":[142],"effectiveness,":[143],"interoperability,":[145],"states":[147],"consistently":[149],"favored":[150],"guarantees":[152],"cost":[154],"efficiency":[155],"over":[156],"long-term":[157],"autonomy.":[159],"Over":[160],"time,":[161],"these":[162],"rational":[163],"produced":[165],"technological":[166],"lock-in,":[167],"persistent":[172],"reliance":[173],"defense-industrial":[176,234],"supply":[177],"chains.":[178],"The":[179],"consequences":[180],"arrangement":[183],"become":[185],"particularly":[186],"visible":[187],"Russia-Ukraine":[190],"which":[192],"exposed":[194],"limited":[196],"capacity":[197],"generate":[199],"sufficient":[200],"stocks":[201],"ammunition":[203],"advanced":[205],"systems":[206],"at":[207],"scale.":[208],"Through":[209],"comparative":[211],"decision-making":[217],"since":[218],"World":[219],"War":[220],"II,":[221],"demonstrates":[224],"how":[225],"institutional":[226],"inertia":[227],"incentives":[230],"constrained":[232],"development.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2026-09-02T00:00:00"}