{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204856624","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10670554/v1","title":"Post-Earthquake Candidate Building-Loss Screening from Bitemporal Google Earth Imagery: An Object-Level Framework for the 2023 T\u00a8urkiye Earthquakes","display_name":"Post-Earthquake Candidate Building-Loss Screening from Bitemporal Google Earth Imagery: An Object-Level Framework for the 2023 T\u00a8urkiye Earthquakes","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204856624","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10670554/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10670554/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10670554/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10670554/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10670554/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10670554/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084683512","display_name":"Perihan KARAK\u00d6SE","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8894-6997","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8894-6997"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I254571519","display_name":"Bartin University","ror":"https://ror.org/03te4vd35","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I254571519"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"perihan karak\u00f6se","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bartin Universitesi"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8894-6997","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bartin Universitesi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I254571519"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084683512"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I254571519"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.2280000001192093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.2280000001192093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.15299999713897705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.1444000005722046,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2023-turkiye-earthquakes","display_name":"2023 T\u00fcrkiye earthquakes","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/google-earth-imagery","display_name":"Google Earth imagery","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"object detection","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/yolov12n","display_name":"YOLOv12n","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/building-detection","display_name":"building detection","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-matching","display_name":"image matching","score":0.41200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disaster-damage-assessment","display_name":"disaster damage assessment","score":0.503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-support","display_name":"decision support","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/historical-satellite-imagery","display_name":"historical satellite imagery","score":0.4749999940395355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.8112999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5903000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39399123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1348989","display_name":"Earth observation","level":3,"score":0.5787000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5268999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.478300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4708000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.45660001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4465999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.33809998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019973339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899523","display_name":"Object based","level":3,"score":0.3321000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987528665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854845","display_name":"Earth observation satellite","level":3,"score":0.31209999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.3107999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41856607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483130","display_name":"Geographic information system","level":2,"score":0.3043999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203595873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25389927","display_name":"Change detection","level":2,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778102629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite imagery","level":2,"score":0.2660999894142151}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10670554/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10670554/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10670554/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10670554/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10670554/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10670554/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10670554/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10670554/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8787999749183655,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204856624.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204856624.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2922102451","https://openalex.org/W2947393875","https://openalex.org/W2988454004","https://openalex.org/W4396816384","https://openalex.org/W4404303854"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386499428","https://openalex.org/W7125773509","https://openalex.org/W4402261178","https://openalex.org/W4399154318","https://openalex.org/W2130334431","https://openalex.org/W4402261825","https://openalex.org/W1883973623","https://openalex.org/W2015741970","https://openalex.org/W1978199959","https://openalex.org/W7110492781"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Rapid":[1],"and":[2,16,69,108,123,147,164,176,204],"reliable":[3],"identification":[4],"of":[5,190,233,240],"building":[6,28,60,225,257],"losses":[7,61],"after":[8,70,155],"major":[9],"earthquakes":[10],"is":[11,266],"essential":[12],"for":[13,56,247,272,285],"post-disaster":[14],"assessment":[15,278],"decision":[17],"support;":[18],"however,":[19],"many":[20],"existing":[21],"approaches":[22],"depend":[23],"on":[24,185,256],"accurately":[25],"coregistered":[26],"imagery,":[27],"footprints,":[29,258],"geographic":[30],"information":[31],"system":[32,284],"layers,":[33],"or":[34,260],"other":[35],"auxiliary":[36],"geospatial":[37],"datasets":[38],"that":[39],"may":[40],"not":[41],"be":[42],"consistently":[43],"available":[44],"across":[45,214],"large":[46],"affected":[47],"regions.":[48],"This":[49],"study":[50],"proposes":[51],"an":[52,133,228],"object-level":[53,181],"bitemporal":[54,192],"framework":[55,265],"automatically":[57],"screening":[58,252],"candidate":[59,224],"from":[62,96],"historical":[63,243],"Google":[64,93,135,244],"Earth":[65,94,136,245],"imagery":[66,246],"acquired":[67],"before":[68],"the":[71,85,118,128,139,159,238],"6":[72],"February":[73],"2023":[74],"T\u00fcrkiye":[75],"earthquakes.":[76],"A":[77,188],"hybrid":[78,130],"building-detection":[79],"dataset":[80,89],"was":[81,124],"constructed":[82],"by":[83,180],"combining":[84],"Satellite-II":[86],"Version":[87],"1":[88],"with":[90],"manually":[91],"verified":[92],"images":[95,166],"earthquake-affected":[97],"areas.":[98],"Six":[99],"representative":[100],"object":[101],"detectors\u2014Faster":[102],"R-CNN,":[103],"RetinaNet,":[104],"SSD,":[105],"YOLOv10n,":[106],"YOLOv11n,":[107],"YOLOv12n\u2014were":[109],"evaluated":[110],"under":[111],"a":[112,148,269,282],"harmonized":[113],"experimental":[114],"protocol.":[115],"YOLOv12n":[116],"provided":[117],"most":[119],"favorable":[120],"accuracy\u2013efficiency":[121],"trade-off":[122],"subsequently":[125],"retrained":[126],"using":[127,170],"complete":[129],"dataset.":[131],"On":[132],"independent":[134],"test":[137],"set,":[138],"final":[140],"model":[141],"achieved":[142],"72.19%":[143],"precision,":[144],"33.26%":[145],"recall,":[146],"45.54%":[149],"F1-score,":[150],"indicating":[151],"substantially":[152],"improved":[153],"precision":[154],"full-data":[156],"training.":[157],"For":[158],"temporal":[160],"analysis,":[161],"corresponding":[162],"2022":[163,203],"2024":[165],"were":[167,195,211,221],"spatially":[168],"aligned":[169],"stable":[171],"non-building":[172],"references,":[173],"including":[174],"road":[175],"background":[177],"structures,":[178],"followed":[179],"one-to-one":[182],"matching":[183],"based":[184],"geometric":[186],"correspondence.":[187],"total":[189],"145":[191],"image":[193],"pairs":[194],"processed.":[196],"The":[197,235,263],"detector":[198],"identified":[199],"2,872":[200],"buildings":[201,206,210],"in":[202,207],"2,039":[205],"2024;":[208],"842":[209],"successfully":[212],"matched":[213],"acquisition":[215],"dates,":[216],"whereas":[217],"2,030":[218],"unmatched":[219],"detections":[220],"retained":[222],"as":[223,268,281],"losses,":[226],"yielding":[227],"initial":[229],"automatic":[230],"candidate-loss":[231],"rate":[232],"70.68%.":[234],"results":[236],"demonstrate":[237],"potential":[239],"publicly":[241],"accessible":[242],"scalable":[248],"preliminary":[249],"post-earthquake":[250],"building-loss":[251],"without":[253],"mandatory":[254],"reliance":[255],"LiDAR,":[259],"cadastral":[261],"data.":[262],"proposed":[264],"intended":[267],"decision-support":[270],"tool":[271],"prioritizing":[273],"locations":[274],"requiring":[275],"detailed":[276],"expert":[277],"rather":[279],"than":[280],"stand-alone":[283],"definitive":[286],"damage":[287],"classification.":[288]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-09-01T00:00:00"}