{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204855806","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-66732-6","title":"Holistic and proactive machine learning approaches to predict cyberattacks in blockchain networks","display_name":"Holistic and proactive machine learning approaches to predict cyberattacks in blockchain networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204855806","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-66732-6"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-66732-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-66732-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-66732-6","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-66732-6_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-66732-6_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148804614","display_name":"Yuxin Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I49835588","display_name":"Macao Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sf5td35","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49835588"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, R. de Luis Gonzaga Gomes, Macau, Macao"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, R. de Luis Gonzaga Gomes, Macau, Macao","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49835588"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089236453","display_name":"Song-Kyoo Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4856-8247","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4856-8247"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I49835588","display_name":"Macao Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sf5td35","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49835588"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Song-Kyoo Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, R. de Luis Gonzaga Gomes, Macau, Macao"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, R. de Luis Gonzaga Gomes, Macau, Macao","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49835588"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089236453"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49835588"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61298889,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9643999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9643999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.023399999365210533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.00430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain-security","display_name":"blockchain security","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-attack-prediction","display_name":"cyberattack prediction","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/51-attack","display_name":"51% attack","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hawkes-process","display_name":"Hawkes process","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-exciting-point-processes","display_name":"self-exciting point processes","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resnet","display_name":"ResNet","score":0.47999998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defensive-architecture","display_name":"defensive architecture","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"resource allocation","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proactive-security","display_name":"proactive security","score":0.42399999499320984}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8133999705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6098999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5982000231742859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5562000274658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.45719999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.4496999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165136773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1363179","display_name":"Single point of failure","level":2,"score":0.4422000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22735295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317671","display_name":"Botnet","level":3,"score":0.41269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.38989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.3817000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.3788999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.3549000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.34940001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.3294999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.31040000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3005000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780741293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4818019","display_name":"Attack patterns","level":3,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2621000111103058}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-66732-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-66732-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-66732-6","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-66732-6_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:373664cb3af34452ad404319ab4f7bae","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/373664cb3af34452ad404319ab4f7bae","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports, Vol 16, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-66732-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-66732-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-66732-6","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-66732-6_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204855806.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204855806.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W4394651892","https://openalex.org/W4403020299","https://openalex.org/W7106136176"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7143998728","https://openalex.org/W7150970849","https://openalex.org/W4403194562","https://openalex.org/W4396949875","https://openalex.org/W4390732526","https://openalex.org/W4405232982","https://openalex.org/W4400276745","https://openalex.org/W4412431716","https://openalex.org/W4386850383","https://openalex.org/W4417337248"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,23],"holistic":[4],"and":[5,37,97,115,123],"proactive":[6],"machine":[7,47,127],"learning":[8,48],"framework":[9,103],"for":[10,68],"predicting":[11],"cyberattacks":[12],"in":[13,126],"blockchain":[14,43,129],"networks.":[15],"The":[16,102],"study":[17],"adopts":[18],"the":[19,42,65,77],"Hawkes":[20],"process":[21,26],"as":[22],"self-exciting":[24],"point":[25],"model":[27],"to":[28,62,88,120],"generate":[29],"realistic":[30],"attack":[31,58],"event":[32],"sequences":[33],"that":[34],"capture":[35],"clustering":[36],"contagion":[38],"effects.":[39],"By":[40],"integrating":[41],"governance":[44],"game":[45],"with":[46],"techniques,":[49],"an":[50,74],"innovative":[51],"defense":[52],"architecture":[53],"is":[54,60],"proposed.":[55],"A":[56,81],"ResNet-based":[57],"predictor":[59],"developed":[61],"accurately":[63],"estimate":[64],"optimal":[66],"timing":[67],"releasing":[69],"reserved":[70],"honest":[71],"nodes":[72],"before":[73],"attacker":[75],"exceeds":[76],"51":[78],"percent":[79],"threshold.":[80],"strategic":[82],"decision":[83],"engine":[84],"maps":[85],"these":[86],"predictions":[87],"three":[89],"operational":[90,110],"modes,":[91],"enabling":[92],"intelligent":[93],"real-time":[94],"resource":[95],"allocation":[96],"dynamic":[98],"network":[99],"scale":[100],"adjustment.":[101],"effectively":[104],"reduces":[105],"security":[106],"risks":[107],"while":[108],"maintaining":[109],"continuity.":[111],"All":[112],"source":[113],"codes":[114],"datasets":[116],"are":[117],"publicly":[118],"available":[119],"support":[121],"reproducibility":[122],"future":[124],"research":[125],"learning-enabled":[128],"security.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-09-01T00:00:00"}