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THE MOST LIKELY IMPACT IS BY A RELATIVELY SMALL OBJECT AND THE BEST MITIGATION STRATEGY MAY SIMPLY BE TO MOVE PEOPLE OUT OF THE WAY. WITH ENOUGH WARNING  A SMALL ASTEROID IMPACT WOULD NOT CAUSE LOSS OF LIFE  AND PORTABLE PROPERTY MIGHT EVEN BE PRESERVED. WE HAVE BUILT AN \"EARLY WARNING\" SYSTEM THAT PROVIDES A THREE WEEK NOTICE OF MOST 140M ASTEROIDS OR COMETS ON TRACK TO HIT THE EARTH  AND A WEEK'S NOTICE FOR MOST 50M ASTEROIDS. THE SYSTEM HAS BEEN DESIGNED  BUILT  AND BROUGHT INTO OPERATION IN LESS THAN THREE YEARS  AND IS EASILY REPLICABLE. THE \"ASTEROID TERRESTRIAL-IMPACT LAST ALERT SYSTEM\" (ATLAS)  CURRENTLY COMPRISES TWO OBSERVATORIES SEPARATED BY ABOUT 100KM THAT CAN SCAN THE ENTIRE VISIBLE SKY MORE THAN TWICE A NIGHT TO MAGNITUDE 20. SOFTWARE AUTOMATICALLY REGISTERS COMPARISONS WITH THE UNCHANGING SKY AND IDENTIFIES EVERYTHING THAT HAS MOVED OR CHANGED. COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE OBSERVATORIES AND THE IAU MINOR PLANET CENTER LOCKS DOWN THE ORBIT OF ANYTHING APPROACHING THE EARTH. THIS PROPOSAL SEEKS FUNDING TO CONTINUE OPERATIONS OF THE TWO ATLAS UNITS ALREADY BUILT AND TO CONSTRUCT TWO MORE UNITS FOR THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. ATLAS IS COMPLEMENTARY TO MANY EXISTING SURVEYS FOR NEAR-EARTH OBJECTS (NEOS) BY VIRTUE OF BEING ALL-SKY: IT CAN DETECT MOST 140M NEOS THAT PASS WITHIN 0.1AU OF THE EARTH. ATLAS MAY FIND MORE THAN 500 NEOS PER YEAR  EVEN THOUGH ITS FORTE IS DISCOVERY OF THE SUBSET OF NEOS THAT PASS VERY CLOSE TO THE EARTH. ITS STEADY SKY COVERAGE IS ALSO VALUABLE FOR DISCOVERY OF LOW DELTA-V ASTEROIDS  CANDIDATE TARGETS FOR A MANNED MISSION. FURTHERMORE  ATLAS WILL CHARACTERIZE THE NEO POPULATION AND ALL THE OTHER OBJECTS IT DETECTS BY OBTAINING HUNDREDS OF LIGHT CURVE POINTS PER YEAR THAT WILL ENABLE THE DETERMINATION OF THEIR SHAPE AND SPIN AND ALSO BY OBTAINING SIMULTANEOUS COLOR MEASUREMENTS. OBJECTIVES: ATLAS WILL 1) PROVIDE WARNING THAT IS USEFUL ON A CIVIL DEFENSE TIMESCALE FOR THE MAJORITY OF EARTH-IMPACTING ASTEROIDS OF 50M SIZE OR LARGER  2) REDISCOVER 50% OF ALL 1000M NEOS AND POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS OBJECTS (PHO) WITHIN 1 YEAR  70% IN 3 YEARS  AND 90% IN 10 YEARS  DISCOVER MORE THAN 400 NEOS AND 100 PHOS PER YEAR OF 140M SIZE OR LARGER  3) DETECT ABOUT ONE SMALL ASTEROID PER YEAR THAT HITS THE EARTH  4) DISCOVER LOW DELTA-V ASTEROIDS  5) ENABLE SHAPE AND SPIN CALCULATIONS FROM HUNDREDS OF OBSERVATIONS PER YEAR OF THOUSANDS OF ASTEROIDS  AND 6) DETECT ALL PLUTO-SIZED OBJECTS WITHIN A DISTANCE OF 120 AU. METHODS: WE HAVE BUILT A PAIR OF SMALL OBSERVATORIES EACH WITH AN 0.5M TELESCOPE THAT COVERS 30 SQUARE DEG WITH EACH EXPOSURE  AND WE HAVE WRITTEN ALL THE SOFTWARE REQUIRED FOR THEM TO OPERATE WITHOUT HUMAN INTERVENTION. WE ARE CURRENTLY REPORTING ASTEROID AND COMET DETECTIONS TO THE MPC  AND AS THE SYSTEM COMES FULLY ONLINE OUR RATE OF DISCOVERY WILL INCREASE BY A FACTOR OF 10. BY BUILDING ANOTHER TWO UNITS IN THE SOUTH AND AT DIFFERENT LONGITUDE WE WILL DOUBLE OUR DETECTION PROBABILITY FOR THE NEXT CHELYABINSKSIZED IMPACTOR. SIGNIFICANCE: THIS PROJECT WORKS TOWARDS ACCOMPLISHING THE CONGRESSIONAL MANDATE TO MITIGATE THE HAZARD FROM EARTH-IMPACTING ASTEROIDS BY FOCUSING ON DETECTION OF NEARLY ALL HAZARDOUS ASTEROIDS IN THE DAYS OR WEEKS BEFORE IMPACT. ALTHOUGH DETECTION IN TIME TO DIVERT DANGEROUS ASTEROIDS IS LAUDABLE  IT IS ALSO CURRENTLY UNAFFORDABLE  AND ATLAS ADDRESSES THE INTENT OF THE MANDATE BY PROTECTING LIVES. ATLAS WILL AFFORD A YEARLY OPPORTUNITY TO STUDY A METEORITE BEFORE IT STRIKES THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE  AND WILL PROVIDE MUCH BETTER STATISTICS ON THE POPULATION THAT DOES PASS CLOSE TO THE EARTH. ATLAS WILL DISCOVER LOW DELTA-V ASTEROIDS SUITABLE FOR A MANNED MISSION  AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SPIN AND SHAPE OF MANY ASTEROIDS MAY PROVE VALUABLE FOR FUTURE MISSIONS.","funder_award_id":"80NSSC18K0284","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2112019989","display_name":"Open Exploration of the Time Domain with the Catalina Real-Time Transient Survey","funder_award_id":"1313422","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2259170918","display_name":"The Catalina Real-Time Transient Survey (CRTS)","funder_award_id":"0909182","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2452073530","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318240","funder_display_name":"European Space Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2802810854","display_name":"A COMPREHENSIVE DUAL HEMISPHERE NEO SURVEY.","funder_award_id":"NNG05GF22G","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2945741187","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80NSSC18K1575","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3366565352","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast Astronomy Observation and Theory Consolidated Grant 2020-2023","funder_award_id":"ST/T000198/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334632","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3452655474","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"/10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334632","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3541944718","display_name":"THE ASTEROID TERRESTRIAL-IMPACT LAST ALERT SYSTEM (ATLAS) WAS AWARDED A 5 YEAR GRANT BY NASA NEOO IN 2013 TO CONSTRUCT AND OPERATE WIDE FIELD TELESCOPES THAT ARE CAPABLE OF SCANNING THE ENTIRE SKY EACH NIGHT TO MAGNITUDE 20. THE PARTICULAR STRENGTH OF ATLAS IS TO BE COMPLEMENTARY TO LARGER TELESCOPES SUCH AS PAN-STARRS AND CATALINA - ATLAS COVERS MUCH MORE AREA EACH NIGHT TO A SHALLOWER DEPTH. ATLAS IS DESIGNED TO BE AN \"EARLY WARNING\" SYSTEM THAT WILL PROVIDE THREE WEEKS' NOTICE OF MOST 140M ASTEROIDS OR COMETS ON TRACK TO HIT THE EARTH  AND A WEEK'S NOTICE FOR MOST 50M ASTEROIDS. WE HAVE COMPLETED TWO ATLAS UNITS AND INSTALLED THEM ON HALEAKALA AND MAUNA LOA IN HAWAII. THE TELESCOPES OPERATE COMPLETELY ROBOTICALLY EACH NIGHT  AND THROUGHOUT THE NIGHT THE DATA ARE REDUCED IN REAL-TIME ON EACH SUMMIT AND ANALYZED FOR CANDIDATE NEAR-EARTH ASTEROIDS. IN THE MORNING  A HUMAN REVIEWER VERIFIES THE NEW ASTEROIDS IN THE NIGHTLY PROCESSING AND SUBMITS ASTROMETRY TO THE IAU MINOR PLANET CENTER. WE OBSERVE ABOUT HALF THE VISIBLE SKY EACH NIGHT FIVE TIMES WITH THE TWO-TELESCOPE SYSTEM  BUT AT REDUCED SENSITIVITY DUE TO IMPROPERLY FIGURED SCHMIDT CORRECTORS ON THE TELESCOPES. REPLACEMENT LENSES FROM A DIFFERENT VENDOR ARE EXPECTED TO BE INSTALLED IN APRIL 2017  IMPROVING THE SENSITIVITY OF THE SYSTEM FROM M~19 TO THE DESIGNED CAPABILITY OF M~20 AND INCREASING THE DISCOVERY RATE BY MORE THAN 5X. TO DATE IN EARLY 2017 ATLAS HAS DISCOVERED 34 NEAS AND 5 PHAS SINCE START OF OPERATIONS. EXCEPT FOR DELAYS DUE TO THE SCHMIDT CORRECTORS  ALL OTHER ASPECTS OF THE BUILD  CONSTRUCTION AND COMMISSIONING OF BOTH THE HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE PROJECTS HAVE BEEN ON-TIME AND ON-BUDGET. WE ARE PROPOSING TO BUILD TWO MORE IDENTICAL \"ATLAS UNITS\" AND DEPLOY THEM AT THE BEST SITES POSSIBLE. WE EXPECT THAT THESE SITES WILL BE SAAO IN SOUTH AFRICA AND CHILE  BUT WE WILL PERFORM A COMPETITIVE SEARCH FOR ALTERNATE SITES ONCE THE PROPOSAL IS FUNDED. BECAUSE OF THE DIVERSITY IN LATITUDE  LONGITUDE  AND WEATHER  THESE TWO ADDITIONAL UNITS SHOULD DOUBLE THE ATLAS DISCOVERY RATE OF THE MOST PERNICIOUS PHAS - THE 20-50M ASTEROIDS THAT PASS VERY CLOSE TO THE EARTH AND ARE ONLY VISIBLE TO ANY TELESCOPE FOR A SHORT TIME.","funder_award_id":"80NSSC18K1575","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3727113875","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AST-0909182","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4576554894","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80NSSC19K0112","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333962","funder_display_name":"Science Mission Directorate"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4710315737","display_name":"UK Involvement in LSST: Phase B (QUB 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