{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204849600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.29109/gujsc.1968220","title":"Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Microstructures Formed After Hardening Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of AISI 4140 and AISI 4340 Grade Steels","display_name":"Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Microstructures Formed After Hardening Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of AISI 4140 and AISI 4340 Grade Steels","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204849600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.29109/gujsc.1968220"},"language":"tr","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.29109/gujsc.1968220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.29109/gujsc.1968220","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.29109/gujsc.1968220","pdf_url":"https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/6096442","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210231837","display_name":"Gazi \u00dcniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C Tasar\u0131m ve Teknoloji","issn_l":"2147-9526","issn":["2147-9526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","tr-dizin"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318265","host_organization_name":"Gazi University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318265"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Gazi University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Gazi \u00dcniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C: Tasar\u0131m ve Teknoloji","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7204849600"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/6096442","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099168250","display_name":"Murat Ok","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5181-0626","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5181-0626"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54001450","display_name":"D\u00fczce \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/04175wc52","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54001450"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Murat Ok","raw_affiliation_strings":["D\u00dcZCE \u00dcN\u0130VERS\u0130TES\u0130, G\u00dcM\u00dc\u015eOVA MESLEK Y\u00dcKSEKOKULU"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5181-0626","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"D\u00dcZCE \u00dcN\u0130VERS\u0130TES\u0130, G\u00dcM\u00dc\u015eOVA MESLEK Y\u00dcKSEKOKULU","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54001450"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020892806","display_name":"Bahad\u0131r Ayda\u015f","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3481-8348","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3481-8348"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54001450","display_name":"D\u00fczce \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/04175wc52","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54001450"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bahad\u0131r Ayda\u015f","raw_affiliation_strings":["D\u00dcZCE \u00dcN\u0130VERS\u0130TES\u0130, G\u00dcM\u00dc\u015eOVA MESLEK Y\u00dcKSEKOKULU"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3481-8348","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"D\u00dcZCE \u00dcN\u0130VERS\u0130TES\u0130, G\u00dcM\u00dc\u015eOVA MESLEK Y\u00dcKSEKOKULU","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54001450"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5099168250"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54001450"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"3","first_page":"1399","last_page":"1411"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10386","display_name":"Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Steels","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10386","display_name":"Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Steels","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12427","display_name":"Metal Alloys Wear and Properties","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2506","display_name":"Metals and Alloys"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14128","display_name":"Metallurgical and Alloy Processes","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2500","display_name":"General Materials Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aisi-4140-steel","display_name":"AISI 4140 steel","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aisi-4340-steel","display_name":"AISI 4340 steel","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medium-carbon-alloy-steel","display_name":"medium carbon alloy steel","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quenching-and-tempering","display_name":"quenching and tempering","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/austenitization","display_name":"austenitization","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/martensitic-transformation","display_name":"martensitic transformation","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grain-refinement","display_name":"grain refinement","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vickers-hardness","display_name":"Vickers hardness","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tensile-strength","display_name":"tensile strength","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ductility","display_name":"ductility","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-steel","display_name":"automotive steel","score":0.453000009059906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.8871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.7577999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207948433","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685487","display_name":"Tempering","level":2,"score":0.7484999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112950240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76005","display_name":"Ultimate tensile strength","level":2,"score":0.7088000178337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87976508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498213","display_name":"Microstructure","level":2,"score":0.6650999784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780026712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37756","display_name":"Alloy","level":2,"score":0.583899974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44255700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q978423","display_name":"Hardening (computing)","level":3,"score":0.5497000217437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96288455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q487286","display_name":"Austenite","level":3,"score":0.5194000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18747287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q488950","display_name":"Martensite","level":3,"score":0.46380001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133392424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223404","display_name":"Vickers hardness test","level":3,"score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121745418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585536","display_name":"Quenching (fluorescence)","level":3,"score":0.4174000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159551322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1458918","display_name":"Heat treating","level":2,"score":0.39239999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156413551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7621123","display_name":"Strain hardening exponent","level":2,"score":0.3808000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.36980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165720898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3150000","display_name":"Indentation hardness","level":3,"score":0.36890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777771575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070521","display_name":"Alloy steel","level":3,"score":0.365200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192191005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466491","display_name":"Grain size","level":2,"score":0.35190001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182508753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115605","display_name":"Tensile testing","level":3,"score":0.3416000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102267420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120206","display_name":"Izod impact strength test","level":3,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77017923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912313","display_name":"Optical microscope","level":3,"score":0.3043999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79148161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456874","display_name":"Strengthening mechanisms of materials","level":3,"score":0.28679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33947775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271439","display_name":"Elongation","level":3,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776631189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128169","display_name":"Metallography","level":3,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43664818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5190530","display_name":"Cryogenic treatment","level":3,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154634170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779974","display_name":"Precipitation hardening","level":3,"score":0.2605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776704300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501203","display_name":"Work hardening","level":3,"score":0.257099986076355}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.29109/gujsc.1968220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.29109/gujsc.1968220","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.29109/gujsc.1968220","pdf_url":"https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/6096442","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210231837","display_name":"Gazi \u00dcniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C Tasar\u0131m ve Teknoloji","issn_l":"2147-9526","issn":["2147-9526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","tr-dizin"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318265","host_organization_name":"Gazi University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318265"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Gazi University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Gazi \u00dcniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C: Tasar\u0131m ve Teknoloji","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dergipark.org.tr:article/1968220","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/gujsc/article/1968220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210231837","display_name":"Gazi \u00dcniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C Tasar\u0131m ve Teknoloji","issn_l":"2147-9526","issn":["2147-9526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","tr-dizin"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318265","host_organization_name":"Gazi University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318265"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Gazi University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Gazi \u00dcniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C: Tasar\u0131m ve Teknoloji, Vol. 14 No. 3","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.29109/gujsc.1968220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.29109/gujsc.1968220","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.29109/gujsc.1968220","pdf_url":"https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/6096442","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210231837","display_name":"Gazi \u00dcniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C Tasar\u0131m ve Teknoloji","issn_l":"2147-9526","issn":["2147-9526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","tr-dizin"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318265","host_organization_name":"Gazi University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318265"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Gazi University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Gazi \u00dcniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C: Tasar\u0131m ve Teknoloji","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204849600.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204849600.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W635848139","https://openalex.org/W1984573191","https://openalex.org/W2036595180","https://openalex.org/W2079531746","https://openalex.org/W2083808487","https://openalex.org/W2966612188","https://openalex.org/W2973722916","https://openalex.org/W4281705784","https://openalex.org/W4378619413","https://openalex.org/W4392304462","https://openalex.org/W4409218055"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7118172648","https://openalex.org/W4412621563","https://openalex.org/W3036684349","https://openalex.org/W4214928142","https://openalex.org/W4281705784","https://openalex.org/W4405120012","https://openalex.org/W3083966395","https://openalex.org/W7138974949","https://openalex.org/W2943384120","https://openalex.org/W2034105927"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3],"experimental":[4],"investigation":[5],"into":[6],"the":[7,68,100,170,179],"mechanical":[8,69,130,180],"and":[9,15,35,48,88,106,116,122,138,150,176,191],"microstructural":[10,53],"properties":[11,70],"of":[12,71,182],"AISI":[13,16,86,96,120,123,143,165],"4140":[14,87,121,166],"4340":[17,144],"medium-carbon":[18],"alloy":[19],"steels":[20],"following":[21],"hardening":[22],"heat":[23,64],"treatment.":[24],"The":[25,60],"specimens":[26],"were":[27,132],"austenitized":[28],"at":[29,38,103],"870":[30],"\u00b0C,":[31],"quenched":[32],"in":[33,194],"water,":[34],"subsequently":[36],"tempered":[37],"550":[39],"\u00b0C.":[40],"Mechanical":[41],"performance":[42,181],"was":[43,55],"evaluated":[44],"through":[45],"tensile":[46,111],"tests":[47],"Vickers":[49],"hardness":[50,76,101,149],"measurements,":[51],"while":[52,109],"evolution":[54],"analyzed":[56],"via":[57],"optical":[58],"microscopy.":[59],"results":[61],"showed":[62],"that":[63,129,173],"treatment":[65],"significantly":[66],"enhanced":[67],"both":[72,183],"steels.":[73],"Following":[74],"quenching,":[75],"values":[77],"increased":[78],"from":[79,89],"231.24":[80],"HV":[81,84,91,94,105],"to":[82,92,156,164],"520.00":[83],"for":[85,95,119,188],"283.20":[90],"610.00":[93],"4340.":[97],"After":[98],"tempering,":[99],"settled":[102],"338.44":[104],"331.56":[107],"HV,":[108],"ultimate":[110],"strengths":[112],"reached":[113],"1096.80":[114],"MPa":[115,118],"1099.20":[117],"4340,":[124],"respectively.":[125],"Microstructural":[126],"observations":[127],"confirmed":[128],"improvements":[131],"primarily":[133],"driven":[134],"by":[135],"martensitic":[136,161],"transformation":[137],"grain":[139],"refinement.":[140],"Notably,":[141],"nickel-bearing":[142],"steel":[145],"exhibited":[146],"higher":[147],"quench":[148],"superior":[151],"ductility":[152],"(14%":[153],"elongation)":[154],"owing":[155],"its":[157],"finer,":[158],"more":[159],"homogeneous":[160],"matrix":[162],"compared":[163],"(11%":[167],"elongation).":[168],"Overall,":[169],"findings":[171],"demonstrate":[172],"controlled":[174],"quenching":[175],"tempering":[177],"optimize":[178],"steels,":[184],"providing":[185],"critical":[186],"insights":[187],"material":[189],"selection":[190],"cost-performance":[192],"trade-offs":[193],"automotive":[195],"applications.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2026-09-01T00:00:00"}