{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204823482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22208290","title":"Weak Parties, Strong Personalities: Persistence of Personalized Power in the Philippines","display_name":"Weak Parties, Strong Personalities: Persistence of Personalized Power in the Philippines","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204823482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22208290"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:146ca2771966452cb3a7d0719ce3778b","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/146ca2771966452cb3a7d0719ce3778b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sukisok, Vol 6, Iss 2, Pp 1-20 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22208290","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121224341","display_name":"Jenan S Naz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3701-3001","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3701-3001"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800489836","display_name":"Miriam College","ror":"https://ror.org/044weqf48","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800489836"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Naz, Jenan S.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Miriam College"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3701-3001","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Miriam College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800489836"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5121224341"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800489836"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11397","display_name":"Populism, Right-Wing Movements","score":0.913100004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11397","display_name":"Populism, Right-Wing Movements","score":0.913100004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12872","display_name":"Philippine History and Culture","score":0.01979999989271164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.013199999928474426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personality-politics","display_name":"personality politics","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/populism","display_name":"populism","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mediatization","display_name":"mediatization","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clientelism","display_name":"clientelism","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-dynasties","display_name":"political dynasties","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rodrigo-duterte","display_name":"Rodrigo Duterte","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ferdinand-marcos-jr","display_name":"Ferdinand Marcos Jr.","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/presidential-campaigns","display_name":"presidential campaigns","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-party-reform","display_name":"party reform","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-campaign-communication","display_name":"campaign communication","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philippines","display_name":"Philippines","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indonesia","display_name":"Indonesia","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thailand","display_name":"Thailand","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/india","display_name":"India","score":1.0}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781035477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1543464","display_name":"Clientelism","level":4,"score":0.6851999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q316694","display_name":"Rhetorical question","level":2,"score":0.6046000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197487636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49892","display_name":"Presidential system","level":3,"score":0.5306000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.5273000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4867999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526877150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180490","display_name":"Populism","level":3,"score":0.4706999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32772713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118157","display_name":"Charisma","level":2,"score":0.4683000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164429055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2070165","display_name":"Institutionalisation","level":2,"score":0.45329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.45249998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4251999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.41350001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.40939998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.3962000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.3889000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14224292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188","display_name":"Conceptual framework","level":2,"score":0.35440000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.34880000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2557224","display_name":"Explanatory power","level":2,"score":0.3450999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.3163999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.30390000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3037000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.28189998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83009810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11204","display_name":"Legislature","level":2,"score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778814104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165105","display_name":"Contentious politics","level":4,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1370556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81009","display_name":"Rhetoric","level":2,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.26429998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51575053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72468","display_name":"Bureaucracy","level":3,"score":0.25099998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781009140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7170389","display_name":"Persistence (discontinuity)","level":2,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:146ca2771966452cb3a7d0719ce3778b","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/146ca2771966452cb3a7d0719ce3778b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sukisok, Vol 6, Iss 2, Pp 1-20 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22208290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22208290","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22208290","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407061926","display_name":"Sukisok","issn_l":"3028-1792","issn":["3028-1792"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I389346","host_organization_name":"Isabela State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I389346"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22208291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22208291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22208291","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407061926","display_name":"Sukisok","issn_l":"3028-1792","issn":["3028-1792"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I389346","host_organization_name":"Isabela State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I389346"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22208290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22208290","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22208290","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407061926","display_name":"Sukisok","issn_l":"3028-1792","issn":["3028-1792"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I389346","host_organization_name":"Isabela State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I389346"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8046000003814697,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2097450611","https://openalex.org/W4409707023","https://openalex.org/W2086289846","https://openalex.org/W2463033920","https://openalex.org/W7164941988","https://openalex.org/W4405098574","https://openalex.org/W4321376585","https://openalex.org/W4213006817","https://openalex.org/W3191842067","https://openalex.org/W2774415403"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"examines":[2],"why":[3],"personality":[4],"politics":[5],"in":[6,19,143,152,168],"the":[7,20,47,54,74,82,99,105,110,161,197],"Philippines":[8],"has":[9],"persisted":[10],"across":[11],"regime":[12],"types":[13],"and":[14,36,81,90,97,116,146,173,184],"appears":[15],"to":[16,27,195],"have":[17],"intensified":[18],"era":[21],"of":[22,33,49,56,73,78,86,163],"platform-mediated":[23],"communication.":[24],"It":[25,187],"aims":[26],"integrate":[28],"three":[29],"often":[30],"fragmented":[31],"bodies":[32],"literature\u2014populism,":[34],"mediatization,":[35],"clientelism\u2014into":[37],"a":[38,57,62,132],"unified":[39],"theoretical":[40,69],"framework":[41,165,199],"that":[42,67,102,178],"explains":[43],"personalized":[44],"power":[45],"as":[46],"product":[48],"their":[50,179],"interaction":[51],"rather":[52,150],"than":[53,151],"outcome":[55],"single":[58],"dominant":[59],"explanation.":[60],"Using":[61],"critical,":[63],"integrative":[64],"conceptual":[65],"review":[66],"combines":[68],"synthesis,":[70],"illustrative":[71,147],"analyses":[72],"2016":[75],"presidential":[76,84],"campaign":[77,85,174],"Rodrigo":[79],"Duterte":[80],"2022":[83],"Ferdinand":[87],"Marcos":[88],"Jr.,":[89],"comparative":[91],"regional":[92],"analysis":[93],"involving":[94],"Indonesia,":[95],"Thailand,":[96],"India,":[98],"paper":[100,157],"proposes":[101],"populism":[103],"supplies":[104],"rhetorical":[106],"register,":[107],"mediatization":[108],"provides":[109],"infrastructure":[111],"for":[112,166,191],"continuous":[113],"charismatic":[114],"performance,":[115],"clientelism":[117],"converts":[118],"mediated":[119],"affect":[120],"into":[121],"mobilized":[122],"votes":[123],"through":[124],"dynastic":[125],"networks,":[126],"while":[127,176],"weak":[128],"party":[129,169],"institutionalization":[130],"removes":[131],"key":[133],"structural":[134],"constraint":[135],"on":[136],"this":[137,164],"configuration.":[138],"These":[139],"propositions":[140],"are":[141],"grounded":[142],"literature":[144],"synthesis":[145],"case":[148],"interpretation":[149],"original":[153,201],"empirical":[154,183,193],"testing.":[155],"The":[156],"concludes":[158],"by":[159],"outlining":[160],"implications":[162],"reforms":[167],"institutionalization,":[170],"resource-allocation":[171],"transparency,":[172],"communication,":[175],"acknowledging":[177],"feasibility":[180],"requires":[181],"further":[182],"legal":[185],"assessment.":[186],"also":[188],"identifies":[189],"priorities":[190],"future":[192],"research":[194],"test":[196],"proposed":[198],"using":[200],"data.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2026-09-01T00:00:00"}
