{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204823400","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/jltl-4yp7","title":"Frequency-time multiplexing for near-deterministic generation of n \u2212 photon frequency-bin states","display_name":"Frequency-time multiplexing for near-deterministic generation of n \u2212 photon frequency-bin states","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204823400","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/jltl-4yp7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1103/jltl-4yp7","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/jltl-4yp7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/jltl-4yp7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164566984","display_name":"Physical Review A","issn_l":"0556-2791","issn":["0556-2791","1050-2947","1094-1622","1538-4446","2469-9926","2469-9934","2469-9942"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review A","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2603.03576","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148825263","display_name":"Anonymous","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5812-3802","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5812-3802","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7114-3672","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8226-8366","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7758-7140","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9012-993X","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5756-032X","https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9782-9498","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6674-9660","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6984-3219","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6053-0846","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9631-3157","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2174-060X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169521973","display_name":"University of New Mexico","ror":"https://ror.org/05fs6jp91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex Fischer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories","University of New Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6053-0846","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048507934","display_name":"Nathan T. Arnold","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0508-5971","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0508-5971"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathan T. Arnold","raw_affiliation_strings":["Photon Queue Inc"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0508-5971","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Photon Queue Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084589431","display_name":"Colin P. Lualdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2309-4807","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2309-4807"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Colin P. Lualdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Photon Queue Inc"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2309-4807","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Photon Queue Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153442357","display_name":"Kelsey Ortiz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kelsey Ortiz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Photon Queue Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Photon Queue Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157796439","display_name":"Michael Gehl","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Gehl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037159082","display_name":"Paul Davids","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4498-799X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4498-799X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Davids","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4498-799X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035541627","display_name":"Kai Shinbrough","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4277-0324","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4277-0324"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Shinbrough","raw_affiliation_strings":["Photon Queue Inc"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4277-0324","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Photon Queue Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069623068","display_name":"Nils T. Otterstrom","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3656-7845","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3656-7845"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nils T. Otterstrom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2675,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2675},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6224,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91190346,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"114","issue":"4","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9150000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9150000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11414","display_name":"Quantum optics and atomic interactions","score":0.08110000193119049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heralded-single-photons","display_name":"heralded single photons","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-quantum-memory","display_name":"optical quantum memory","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatiotemporal-modes","display_name":"spatiotemporal modes","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon-pair-sources","display_name":"photon pair sources","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photonic-quantum-information-processing","display_name":"photonic quantum information processing","score":0.7580000162124634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.9645000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.5651999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.34709998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.33090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184779094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383","display_name":"Atomic physics","level":1,"score":0.33009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47785574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373859","display_name":"Two-photon excitation microscopy","level":3,"score":0.32170000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984985831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5502860","display_name":"Frequency conversion","level":2,"score":0.2955000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68717125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735602","display_name":"Quantum optics","level":2,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148651041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2027473","display_name":"Optical pumping","level":3,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3079626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234881","display_name":"Quantum electrodynamics","level":1,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781402376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126172","display_name":"Photon counting","level":3,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1103/jltl-4yp7","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/jltl-4yp7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/jltl-4yp7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164566984","display_name":"Physical Review A","issn_l":"0556-2791","issn":["0556-2791","1050-2947","1094-1622","1538-4446","2469-9926","2469-9934","2469-9942"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review A","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2603.03576","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2603.03576","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2603.03576","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.03576","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.03576","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.03576","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2603.03576","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2603.03576","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2603.03576","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G11630931","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DENA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2214935549","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338291","funder_display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G413247060","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE\u2010NA,0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338291","funder_display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4903105778","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5339743583","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332369","funder_display_name":"National Nuclear Security Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G855168022","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DENA-0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332369","funder_display_name":"National Nuclear Security Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332369","display_name":"National Nuclear Security Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/03sk1we31"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338291","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204823400.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204823400.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1514675880","https://openalex.org/W1972305813","https://openalex.org/W1975116757","https://openalex.org/W1975486689","https://openalex.org/W1990400157","https://openalex.org/W2031945957","https://openalex.org/W2056686071","https://openalex.org/W2121200413","https://openalex.org/W2131095685","https://openalex.org/W2522091511","https://openalex.org/W2563157399","https://openalex.org/W2731096543","https://openalex.org/W2775499834","https://openalex.org/W2896128525","https://openalex.org/W2946512913","https://openalex.org/W2963751999","https://openalex.org/W2977366474","https://openalex.org/W3105992565","https://openalex.org/W4221149435","https://openalex.org/W4302008023","https://openalex.org/W4379162840","https://openalex.org/W4388913386","https://openalex.org/W4392678799","https://openalex.org/W4406150205","https://openalex.org/W4406481555","https://openalex.org/W7131366912","https://openalex.org/W7161787363","https://openalex.org/W7168191119"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7168404209","https://openalex.org/W4416278830","https://openalex.org/W2946512913","https://openalex.org/W4414314029","https://openalex.org/W2964049613","https://openalex.org/W4290709449","https://openalex.org/W4404061698","https://openalex.org/W2249982252","https://openalex.org/W4290709450","https://openalex.org/W3210257172"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,5,14,71,78,91,148],"the":[2,11,53,68,86,92],"primary":[3],"challenges":[4],"photonic":[6,30],"quantum":[7,17,31,64,135],"information":[8,32],"processing":[9],"is":[10],"on-demand":[12],"preparation":[13],"multiple":[15],"single-photon-level":[16],"states":[18,143],"from":[19],"probabilistic":[20],"photon":[21],"pair":[22],"sources.":[23],"Motivated":[24],"by":[25],"recent":[26],"developments":[27],"in":[28,97],"frequency-bin-encoded":[29],"processing,":[33],"here":[34],"we":[35],"consider":[36],"active":[37],"time":[38],"multiplexing":[39],"to":[40,66,83],"generate":[41],"n-photon":[42],"states,":[43],"where":[44],"n":[45,49,95,98],"single":[46,73,104,127],"photons":[47,74,96],"with":[48,120],"distinct":[50],"frequencies":[51],"occupy":[52],"same":[54],"spatiotemporal":[55,105],"mode.":[56,106],"We":[57,107],"devise":[58],"an":[59,76,133,145],"approach":[60],"that":[61],"uses":[62],"optical":[63,134],"memories":[65],"manipulate":[67,85],"temporal":[69,89],"mode":[70],"heralded":[72],"and":[75,88],"array":[77],"fiber":[79],"Bragg":[80],"grating":[81],"reflectors":[82],"jointly":[84],"frequency":[87,100],"modes":[90],"photons,":[93],"overlapping":[94],"separate":[99],"bins":[101],"into":[102],"a":[103,126],"calculate":[108],"multiphoton":[109],"state":[110],"generation":[111],"rates":[112],"that,":[113],"accounting":[114],"for":[115,132],"loss,":[116],"are":[117],"realistically":[118],"achievable":[119],"commercially":[121],"available":[122],"hardware.":[123],"Using":[124],"only":[125],"free-space":[128],"switchable":[129],"delay":[130],"loop":[131],"memory,":[136],"this":[137],"scheme":[138],"could":[139],"feasibly":[140],"produce":[141],"8-photon":[142],"at":[144],"average":[146],"rate":[147],"1":[149],"kHz.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-09-01T00:00:00"}
