{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204805485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10343507/v1","title":"Infection prevention and control practices and their associated factors among anesthesia service providers at health facilities in central Uganda","display_name":"Infection prevention and control practices and their associated factors among anesthesia service providers at health facilities in central Uganda","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204805485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10343507/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10343507/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10343507/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10343507/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10343507/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10343507/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015478675","display_name":"Charles Kojjo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72227227","display_name":"Makerere University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dmz0111","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles Kojjo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Makerere University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Makerere University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116116710","display_name":"Job Nanyiri","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Job Nanyiri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Liverpool John Moores University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liverpool John Moores University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017605799","display_name":"Rawlance Ndejjo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9263-557X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9263-557X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72227227","display_name":"Makerere University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dmz0111","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rawlance Ndejjo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Makerere University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Makerere University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027906095","display_name":"Simon P. S. Kibira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7385-423X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7385-423X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72227227","display_name":"Makerere University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dmz0111","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Peter Kibira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Makerere University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Makerere University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116436962","display_name":"Catherine Namutebi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260424","display_name":"Uganda Heart Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03r08g441","country_code":"UG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800872281","https://openalex.org/I4210092895","https://openalex.org/I4405260424"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catherine Namutebi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Uganda Heart Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Uganda Heart Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405260424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120611251","display_name":"Betty Khainza","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210167156","display_name":"International Hospital Kampala","ror":"https://ror.org/05vsjw141","country_code":"UG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210167156"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Betty Khainza","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Hospital Kampala"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Hospital Kampala","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210167156"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056990819","display_name":"Richard Mwase","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72227227","display_name":"Makerere University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dmz0111","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Mwase","raw_affiliation_strings":["Makerere University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Makerere University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11000","display_name":"Infection Control in Healthcare","score":0.9688000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11000","display_name":"Infection Control in Healthcare","score":0.9688000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11080","display_name":"Surgical site infection prevention","score":0.015200000256299973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11681","display_name":"Nosocomial Infections in ICU","score":0.0035000001080334187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2706","display_name":"Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infection-control","display_name":"infection control","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anesthesia-care","display_name":"anesthesia care","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nosocomial-infections","display_name":"nosocomial infections","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgical-site-infection","display_name":"surgical site infection","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ventilator-associated-pneumonia","display_name":"ventilator-associated pneumonia","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bloodstream-infection","display_name":"bloodstream infection","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spinal-epidural-abscess","display_name":"spinal epidural abscess","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ipc-training","display_name":"IPC training","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-characteristics","display_name":"institutional characteristics","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/central-uganda","display_name":"Central Uganda","score":0.6980000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166888038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4118322","display_name":"Infection control","level":2,"score":0.6608999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4417000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42219234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131130","display_name":"Anesthesia","level":1,"score":0.4171999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.4147000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.4074000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.40230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.3921999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910663819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354153","display_name":"Nurse anesthetist","level":2,"score":0.37770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.37459999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775949068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4260475","display_name":"Health facility","level":4,"score":0.3677000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.3628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2169973","display_name":"Service provider","level":3,"score":0.3603000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.31189998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184356942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830382","display_name":"Best practice","level":2,"score":0.30709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986740045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health services","level":3,"score":0.29919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779328685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475557","display_name":"Patient safety","level":3,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.2597000002861023}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10343507/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10343507/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10343507/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10343507/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10343507/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10343507/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10343507/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10343507/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204805485.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204805485.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969219378","https://openalex.org/W1984670624","https://openalex.org/W1989673709","https://openalex.org/W2592133941","https://openalex.org/W2668559810","https://openalex.org/W2808210217","https://openalex.org/W2811320942","https://openalex.org/W2892128779","https://openalex.org/W2895784803","https://openalex.org/W2904975162","https://openalex.org/W2979382469","https://openalex.org/W2995269050","https://openalex.org/W3042652835","https://openalex.org/W3043829573","https://openalex.org/W3082274149","https://openalex.org/W3085377617","https://openalex.org/W3108631910","https://openalex.org/W3110205604","https://openalex.org/W3123192479","https://openalex.org/W3135675792","https://openalex.org/W3138933634","https://openalex.org/W3158817245","https://openalex.org/W3159858351","https://openalex.org/W3169850521","https://openalex.org/W3183785534","https://openalex.org/W3201278001","https://openalex.org/W3203915250","https://openalex.org/W3212211040","https://openalex.org/W4200390047","https://openalex.org/W4212879702","https://openalex.org/W4213433139","https://openalex.org/W4220748543","https://openalex.org/W4229449769","https://openalex.org/W4248217291","https://openalex.org/W4283367394","https://openalex.org/W4285027836","https://openalex.org/W4285813240","https://openalex.org/W4292362205","https://openalex.org/W4304606216","https://openalex.org/W4304608330","https://openalex.org/W4307955598","https://openalex.org/W4310050312","https://openalex.org/W4311836686","https://openalex.org/W4312105637","https://openalex.org/W4318069619","https://openalex.org/W4323923298","https://openalex.org/W4361985862","https://openalex.org/W4362641042","https://openalex.org/W4365443591","https://openalex.org/W4366609837","https://openalex.org/W4375945059","https://openalex.org/W4380991885","https://openalex.org/W4385358587","https://openalex.org/W4389921216","https://openalex.org/W4392059423","https://openalex.org/W4392595398","https://openalex.org/W4394589783","https://openalex.org/W4396924067","https://openalex.org/W4403432167","https://openalex.org/W4403560518","https://openalex.org/W4404314513","https://openalex.org/W4409341062","https://openalex.org/W4411601797","https://openalex.org/W4413443415"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7160926087","https://openalex.org/W3158817245","https://openalex.org/W4307955598","https://openalex.org/W7164011606","https://openalex.org/W7147601246","https://openalex.org/W1969219378","https://openalex.org/W4399551298","https://openalex.org/W4226458194","https://openalex.org/W7215115956","https://openalex.org/W4391033741"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"The":[2,26,136,226,307],"incidence":[3,293],"of":[4,17,39,205,212,228,252,294,310],"spinal":[5],"epidural":[6],"abscesses,":[7],"bloodstream":[8],"infections,":[9,12],"surgical":[10,282],"site":[11],"and":[13,42,62,65,93,102,114,125,132,190,240,298,340],"ventilator-associated":[14],"pneumonia,":[15],"all":[16],"which":[18],"are":[19,316],"linked":[20],"to":[21,143,148,320,326],"anesthesia":[22,48,70,85,107,197,229,256,311,337],"care,":[23],"is":[24,28,242,305],"increasing.":[25],"same":[27],"true":[29],"in":[30,76,89,97,116,172,215,232,246,259,266,284,291,313],"the":[31,98,185,203,253,279,292,302],"Ugandan":[32,47],"context;":[33],"however,":[34],"despite":[35],"being":[36],"an":[37,159,289],"indication":[38],"Infection":[40],"Prevention":[41],"Control":[43],"(IPC)":[44],"practice":[45,139,220,237],"gaps,":[46],"provider-IPC":[49],"practices":[50,64,309],"have":[51],"not":[52],"been":[53],"objectively":[54],"assessed":[55],"before.":[56],"Objective":[57],"To":[58],"assess":[59],"infection":[60,238,338],"prevention":[61,239,339],"control":[63,241,341],"their":[66],"associated":[67],"factors":[68],"among":[69],"service":[71,87,109,230],"providers":[72,88,110,231,258,312],"at":[73,184],"health":[74,94],"facilities":[75],"central":[77,90,233,260,314],"Uganda.":[78,91],"Method":[79],"This":[80],"cross-sectional":[81],"study":[82],"included":[83],"216":[84],"care":[86,108,198,257,265],"Hospitals":[92],"center":[95],"IVs":[96],"region":[99],"were":[100,111,120],"purposively":[101],"randomly":[103],"sampled,":[104],"respectively,":[105],"while":[106],"consecutively":[112],"sampled":[113],"engaged":[115],"structured":[117],"interviews.":[118],"Data":[119],"analyzed":[121],"using":[122],"descriptive":[123],"statistics":[124],"a":[126,149,152,179,210,267,324,333],"log-binomial":[127],"model":[128],"with":[129,151],"95%":[130],"confidence":[131],"5%":[133],"significance.":[134],"Results":[135],"optimal":[137,206,218],"IPC":[138,154,160,173,182,195,207,216,219,308,331],"level":[140],"was":[141],"found":[142],"be":[144,288],"12%.":[145],"Being":[146],"attached":[147],"facility":[150,186],"dedicated":[153,170],"supervisor":[155],"(aPR":[156,162,176,187,199,222],"=":[157,163,166,177,188,200,223],"3.469),":[158],"committee":[161],"8.588,":[164],"p":[165],"0.030)":[167],"that":[168,269],"provides":[169],"training":[171,214],"for":[174,194,332],"anesthetists":[175],"2.808),":[178],"very":[180],"strong":[181],"culture":[183],"6.848),":[189],"documented":[191],"standard":[192],"procedures":[193],"during":[196],"5.805)":[201],"increased":[202],"prevalence":[204,221],"practices.":[208,342],"Surprisingly,":[209],"history":[211],"formal":[213],"reduced":[217],"0.424).":[224],"Conclusions":[225],"proportion":[227],"Uganda":[234,315],"who":[235],"optimally":[236],"low;":[243],"only":[244],"one":[245],"every":[247],"100":[248],"does":[249],"so.":[250],"Thus,":[251],"reported":[254],"670":[255],"Uganda,":[261,285],"about":[262],"80":[263],"provide":[264],"manner":[268],"guarantees":[270],"patient":[271],"safety":[272],"from":[273],"potentially":[274],"fatal":[275],"nosocomial":[276,296],"infections.":[277],"Given":[278],"steadily":[280],"increasing":[281],"volume":[283],"there":[286],"may":[287],"increase":[290],"anesthesia-related":[295],"infections":[297],"perioperative":[299],"mortality":[300],"if":[301],"status":[303],"quo":[304],"maintained.":[306],"almost":[317],"entirely":[318],"related":[319],"institutional":[321],"characteristics,":[322],"implying":[323],"need":[325],"improve":[327],"work":[328],"policies":[329],"on":[330,336],"wider":[334],"impact":[335]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-09-01T00:00:00"}