{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204804722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/insect68872.2026.11663619","title":"Explainable Transformer-Based Energy Consumption Forecasting for Green Smart Campuses Using Multi-Modal IoT Data","display_name":"Explainable Transformer-Based Energy Consumption Forecasting for Green Smart Campuses Using Multi-Modal IoT Data","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204804722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/insect68872.2026.11663619"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/insect68872.2026.11663619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/insect68872.2026.11663619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/insect68872.2026.11663619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407096306","display_name":"International Conference on Intelligent and Sustainable Electronics & Computing Technologies (INSECT)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 International Conference on Intelligent and Sustainable Electronics & Computing Technologies (INSECT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7204804722"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/insect68872.2026.11663619","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030621851","display_name":"Nilakshee Rajule","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8263-4140","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8263-4140"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153931","display_name":"DY Patil Deemed to be University","ror":"https://ror.org/045qb5273","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153931"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nilakshee Rajule","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127837889","display_name":"Shubham Gade","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shubham Gade","raw_affiliation_strings":["EnerSys Delaware Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EnerSys Delaware Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135391793","display_name":"Jigarkumar Shah","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jigarkumar Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["New Era Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New Era Technology","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148773687","display_name":"R. Gayathri","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153931","display_name":"DY Patil Deemed to be University","ror":"https://ror.org/045qb5273","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153931"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Gayathri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153931"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029344303","display_name":"Madhavi Repe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9287-6322","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9287-6322"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153931","display_name":"DY Patil Deemed to be University","ror":"https://ror.org/045qb5273","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153931"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Madhavi Repe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153931"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.5019999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.5019999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.4269999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.039500001817941666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-forecasting","display_name":"load forecasting","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-campus","display_name":"smart campus","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainable-ai","display_name":"explainable AI","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"transformer models","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-fusion-transformer","display_name":"Temporal Fusion Transformer","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorological-observations","display_name":"meteorological observations","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-power-generation","display_name":"solar power generation","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"renewable energy","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/campus-energy-management","display_name":"campus energy management","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-importance","display_name":"feature importance","score":0.5379999876022339}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.6234999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5544999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.5453000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.43549999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3752000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.3292999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.31439998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/insect68872.2026.11663619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/insect68872.2026.11663619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/insect68872.2026.11663619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407096306","display_name":"International Conference on Intelligent and Sustainable Electronics & Computing Technologies (INSECT)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 International Conference on Intelligent and Sustainable Electronics & Computing Technologies (INSECT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/insect68872.2026.11663619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/insect68872.2026.11663619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/insect68872.2026.11663619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407096306","display_name":"International Conference on Intelligent and Sustainable Electronics & Computing Technologies (INSECT)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 International Conference on Intelligent and Sustainable Electronics & Computing Technologies (INSECT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.878000020980835,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"score":0.685699999332428,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2102636708","https://openalex.org/W2960560113","https://openalex.org/W2996331899","https://openalex.org/W3177318507","https://openalex.org/W4296306947","https://openalex.org/W4317569465","https://openalex.org/W4380885315","https://openalex.org/W4388694296","https://openalex.org/W4413099556","https://openalex.org/W4415209098"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7223149327","https://openalex.org/W7134165603","https://openalex.org/W7204106767","https://openalex.org/W7164036860","https://openalex.org/W7167618148","https://openalex.org/W7134950036","https://openalex.org/W7203477198","https://openalex.org/W4409195059","https://openalex.org/W7168609951","https://openalex.org/W7167741667"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"and":[1,11,38,91,99,132,149,157,180,190],"interpretable":[2],"energy":[3,32,40,62,168,182,188],"consumption":[4,63],"forecasting":[5,183],"is":[6],"essential":[7],"for":[8,73,147,185],"efficient":[9],"operation":[10],"sustainability":[12,92],"of":[13,19,21,28,129,137],"smart":[14,75,108,186],"campuses.":[15],"The":[16,78],"increasing":[17],"deployment":[18],"Internet":[20],"Things":[22],"(IoT)":[23],"infrastructure":[24],"enables":[25],"the":[26,113,164,174],"collection":[27],"multi-modal":[29,82],"data":[30,47],"capturing":[31],"usage,":[33],"occupancy":[34],"behavior,":[35],"environmental":[36],"conditions,":[37],"renewable":[39],"generation.":[41],"However,":[42],"effectively":[43],"exploiting":[44],"such":[45],"heterogeneous":[46],"while":[48],"maintaining":[49],"model":[50,80,115],"transparency":[51],"remains":[52],"a":[53,67,106],"significant":[54],"challenge.":[55],"This":[56],"paper":[57],"proposes":[58],"an":[59,123],"explainable":[60,181],"Transformer-based":[61],"prediction":[64],"framework":[65,176],"using":[66],"Temporal":[68],"Fusion":[69],"Transformer":[70],"(TFT)":[71],"architecture":[72],"green":[74],"campus":[76,109,187],"environments.":[77],"proposed":[79,114,175],"integrates":[81],"IoT":[83],"data,":[84],"including":[85],"energy,":[86],"occupancy,":[87],"weather,":[88],"solar":[89],"generation,":[90],"indicators,":[93],"to":[94,141],"capture":[95],"both":[96],"short-term":[97],"dynamics":[98],"long-range":[100],"temporal":[101],"dependencies.":[102],"Experimental":[103],"evaluation":[104],"on":[105],"real-world":[107],"dataset":[110],"demonstrates":[111],"that":[112,173],"significantly":[116],"outperforms":[117],"baseline":[118],"deep":[119],"learning":[120],"approaches,":[121],"achieving":[122],"Root":[124],"Mean":[125,133],"Squared":[126],"Error":[127,135],"(RMSE)":[128],"72.74":[130],"kWh":[131,146],"Absolute":[134],"(MAE)":[136],"61.59":[138],"kWh,":[139],"compared":[140],"RMSE":[142],"values":[143],"above":[144],"179":[145],"LSTM":[148],"GRU":[150],"models.":[151],"In":[152],"addition,":[153],"permutation-based":[154],"feature":[155],"importance":[156],"ablation":[158],"studies":[159],"provide":[160],"transparent":[161],"insights":[162],"into":[163],"dominant":[165],"factors":[166],"influencing":[167],"consumption.":[169],"These":[170],"results":[171],"confirm":[172],"delivers":[177],"accurate,":[178],"robust,":[179],"suitable":[184],"management":[189],"sustainability-oriented":[191],"decision":[192],"support.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-09-01T00:00:00"}