{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204801482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54219/plantenviron.2023.92546","title":"Characterizing spatial distribution of chemical properties and heavy metal contamination in ground-water using GIS","display_name":"Characterizing spatial distribution of chemical properties and heavy metal contamination in ground-water using GIS","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204801482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54219/plantenviron.2023.92546"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.54219/plantenviron.2023.92546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54219/plantenviron.2023.92546","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.54219/plantenviron.2023.92546","pdf_url":"https://journals.pagepal.org/index.php/PlantandEnvironement/article/download/33/75","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407030928","display_name":"Plant and Environment","issn_l":"2788-7545","issn":["2788-7545","2788-7553"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Plant and Environment","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://journals.pagepal.org/index.php/PlantandEnvironement/article/download/33/75","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077196088","display_name":"Sanaullah Yasin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6959-2986","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6959-2986"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116806","display_name":"Ghazi University","ror":"https://ror.org/023a7t361","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116806"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61623833","display_name":"University of Agriculture Faisalabad","ror":"https://ror.org/054d77k59","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61623833"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanaullah Yasin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan; Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan; Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116806","https://openalex.org/I61623833"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148776066","display_name":"Hammad Raza Ahmad","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61623833","display_name":"University of Agriculture Faisalabad","ror":"https://ror.org/054d77k59","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61623833"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hammad Raza Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61623833"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101415398","display_name":"Muhammad Asif Shehzad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8416-1471","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8416-1471"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096473","display_name":"Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/00vmr6593","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096473"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Asif Shehzad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agronomy, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, 60000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agronomy, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, 60000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096473"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133032930","display_name":"Muhammad Sohaib","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61623833","display_name":"University of Agriculture Faisalabad","ror":"https://ror.org/054d77k59","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61623833"]}],"countries":["PK","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Sohaib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan; Department of Soil Science, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan; Department of Soil Science, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161","https://openalex.org/I61623833"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101539219","display_name":"Ghulam Abbas Narejo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8330-4063","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8330-4063"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45164037","display_name":"Shah Abdul Latif University","ror":"https://ror.org/02s232b27","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45164037"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghulam Abbas Narejo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Botany, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur 66111, Pakistan; Government Degree College, Therhi 66160, Khairpur, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Botany, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur 66111, Pakistan; Government Degree College, Therhi 66160, Khairpur, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45164037"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121799358","display_name":"Saifullah","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61623833","display_name":"University of Agriculture Faisalabad","ror":"https://ror.org/054d77k59","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61623833"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saifullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61623833"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135295642","display_name":"Abid Mahmood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8634-8491","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8634-8491"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194348271","display_name":"Government College University, Faisalabad","ror":"https://ror.org/051zgra59","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194348271"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abid Mahmood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Govt. College University Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Govt. College University Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194348271"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"02","first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11634","display_name":"Water Quality and Pollution Assessment","score":0.8988999724388123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11634","display_name":"Water Quality and Pollution Assessment","score":0.8988999724388123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10139","display_name":"Heavy metals in environment","score":0.09549999982118607,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11781","display_name":"Wastewater Treatment and Reuse","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heavy-metal-pollution","display_name":"heavy metal contamination","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/groundwater-quality","display_name":"groundwater quality","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wastewater-irrigation","display_name":"wastewater irrigation","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canal-water","display_name":"canal water","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-distribution","display_name":"spatial distribution","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cadmium","display_name":"cadmium","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nickel","display_name":"nickel","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead","display_name":"lead","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irrigation-water-suitability","display_name":"irrigation water suitability","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-conductivity","display_name":"electrical conductivity","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sodium-adsorption-ratio","display_name":"sodium adsorption ratio","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual-sodium-carbonate","display_name":"residual sodium carbonate","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peri-urban-environment","display_name":"peri-urban environment","score":0.609000027179718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112570922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60528603","display_name":"Contamination","level":2,"score":0.6891000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94061648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336191","display_name":"Wastewater","level":2,"score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88862950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11453","display_name":"Irrigation","level":2,"score":0.657800018787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76177295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161598","display_name":"Groundwater","level":2,"score":0.6297000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.5612000226974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50477045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1444790","display_name":"Surface runoff","level":2,"score":0.5523999929428101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8625798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752112","display_name":"Surface water","level":2,"score":0.5192000269889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.47870001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544657597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091","display_name":"Cadmium","level":2,"score":0.43309998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58790150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10966166","display_name":"Sewage","level":2,"score":0.41280001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90195498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183129","display_name":"Water pollution","level":2,"score":0.4106000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.38690000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521259446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734","display_name":"Pollution","level":2,"score":0.38269999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33619061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655346","display_name":"Atomic absorption spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.37700000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777016058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574061","display_name":"Spatial distribution","level":2,"score":0.3709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780797713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625376","display_name":"Water quality","level":2,"score":0.36730000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111687972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832131","display_name":"Raw water","level":2,"score":0.3582000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94747663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574086","display_name":"Spatial variability","level":2,"score":0.34610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544153396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11426","display_name":"Metal","level":2,"score":0.3328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57442070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221275","display_name":"Sewage treatment","level":2,"score":0.32670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776053758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105789","display_name":"Heavy metals","level":2,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778192778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20113712","display_name":"Groundwater pollution","level":4,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126933887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4358090","display_name":"Urban runoff","level":4,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778863792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16909918","display_name":"TRACER","level":2,"score":0.2535000145435333}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.54219/plantenviron.2023.92546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54219/plantenviron.2023.92546","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.54219/plantenviron.2023.92546","pdf_url":"https://journals.pagepal.org/index.php/PlantandEnvironement/article/download/33/75","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407030928","display_name":"Plant and Environment","issn_l":"2788-7545","issn":["2788-7545","2788-7553"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Plant and Environment","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.54219/plantenviron.2023.92546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54219/plantenviron.2023.92546","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.54219/plantenviron.2023.92546","pdf_url":"https://journals.pagepal.org/index.php/PlantandEnvironement/article/download/33/75","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407030928","display_name":"Plant and Environment","issn_l":"2788-7545","issn":["2788-7545","2788-7553"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Plant and Environment","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204801482.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204801482.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2587317860","https://openalex.org/W7221718761","https://openalex.org/W2113685393","https://openalex.org/W4412027646","https://openalex.org/W7220796863","https://openalex.org/W2979950994","https://openalex.org/W3197910697","https://openalex.org/W2044633631","https://openalex.org/W2992926970","https://openalex.org/W2082803659"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Heavy":[0],"metal":[1,53],"contamination":[2,62],"poses":[3],"a":[4],"significant":[5],"threat":[6],"to":[7,31,83,89,123,135],"peri-urban":[8],"environments,":[9],"exacerbated":[10],"by":[11,207],"the":[12,172,194,211,217,221,242],"use":[13],"of":[14,65,101,104,175,213,244],"raw":[15],"sewage":[16],"and":[17,35,51,68,94,113,125,145,160,167,181,190,200,233],"industrial":[18],"runoff":[19],"for":[20,45,86,132,241],"irrigation.":[21],"A":[22],"survey":[23],"in":[24,61,164,184,210,216],"Lyallpur":[25],"Town,":[26],"Faisalabad,":[27],"utilized":[28,240],"ArcGIS":[29],"9.1":[30],"assess":[32],"ground,":[33,165],"canal,":[34,189],"wastewater":[36,208,230],"quality.":[37,223],"Sixty":[38],"sites":[39],"were":[40,70,81,170],"sampled,":[41],"with":[42,235],"data":[43],"analyzed":[44],"chemical":[46],"parameters":[47],"(EC,":[48],"SAR,":[49],"RSC)":[50],"heavy":[52,214],"concentrations":[54,153,183],"(Ni,":[55],"Pb,":[56,67],"Cd),":[57],"highlighting":[58],"spatial":[59],"variations":[60],"levels.The":[63],"concentration":[64],"Ni,":[66],"Cd":[69,152],"measured":[71],"using":[72],"an":[73],"atomic":[74],"absorption":[75],"spectrophotometer.":[76],"Almost":[77],"all":[78,185],"collected":[79],"samples":[80],"found":[82,192],"be":[84,231],"unfit":[85,99],"irrigation":[87,133,206],"due":[88,134],"their":[90],"high":[91],"EC,":[92],"SAR":[93,109,141],"RSC.":[95],"Wastewater":[96],"was":[97,129],"highly":[98],"because":[100],"higher":[102],"values":[103],"EC":[105,137],"(5.45":[106],"dS":[107,139],"m-1),":[108,140],"(7.86":[110],"mmolc":[111,116],"L-1)1/2":[112],"RSC":[114,146],"(18.95":[115],"L-1)":[117,149,163],"than":[118],"permissible":[119,195],"limits.":[120],"In":[121],"contrast":[122],"groundwater":[124,222],"wastewater,":[126,168],"canal":[127,166],"water":[128,186,237],"chemically":[130],"fit":[131],"lesser":[136],"(0.72":[138],"(2.98":[142],"mmol":[143,148],"L-1)1/2,":[144],"(1.40":[147],"values.":[150],"The":[151,205],"(0.04":[154],"mg":[155,158,162,177,198,202],"L-1,":[156,159,178,203],"0.03":[157],"0.11":[161],"correspondingly,":[169],"above":[171],"acceptable":[173],"limit":[174,196],"0.01":[176],"while":[179],"Ni":[180],"Pb":[182],"sources":[187],"(ground,":[188],"waste)":[191],"near":[193],"0.20":[197],"L-1":[199],"5":[201],"respectively.":[204],"results":[209],"increase":[212],"metals":[215],"soils,":[218],"eventually":[219],"contaminating":[220],"However,":[224],"it":[225],"is":[226],"strongly":[227],"recommended":[228],"that":[229],"detoxified":[232],"mixed":[234],"fresh":[236],"before":[238],"being":[239],"production":[243],"crops.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-09-01T00:00:00"}
