{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204786863","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.28.747881","title":"Southern (California) Sea Otter Population Status and Trends at San Nicolas Island, 2023\u2013Winter 2026","display_name":"Southern (California) Sea Otter Population Status and Trends at San Nicolas Island, 2023\u2013Winter 2026","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204786863","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.28.747881"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.08.28.747881","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.28.747881","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.28.747881","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/08/31/2026.08.28.747881.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/08/31/2026.08.28.747881.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014980175","display_name":"Joseph A. Tomoleoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6980-251X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6980-251X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286329397","display_name":"United States Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I1335927249"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152364","display_name":"Western Ecological Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/051g31x14","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I1335927249","https://openalex.org/I4387152364"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"By Joseph A. Tomoleoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, 2885 Mission Street, Santa Cruz, California, 95060"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6980-251X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, 2885 Mission Street, Santa Cruz, California, 95060","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I4387152364"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013182204","display_name":"Julie L. Yee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1782-157X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1782-157X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286329397","display_name":"United States Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I1335927249"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152364","display_name":"Western Ecological Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/051g31x14","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I1335927249","https://openalex.org/I4387152364"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julie L. Yee","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, 2885 Mission Street, Santa Cruz, California, 95060"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1782-157X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, 2885 Mission Street, Santa Cruz, California, 95060","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I4387152364"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148777860","display_name":"Elizabeth Seacord","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4399598358","display_name":"United States Navy","ror":"https://ror.org/03cs53d16","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I4399598358"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth Seacord","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Navy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Navy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4399598358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033611544","display_name":"Michelle M. Staedler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1101-6580","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1101-6580"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286329397","display_name":"United States Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I1335927249"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185103710","display_name":"University of California, Santa Cruz","ror":"https://ror.org/03s65by71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152364","display_name":"Western Ecological Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/051g31x14","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I1335927249","https://openalex.org/I4387152364"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michelle M. Staedler","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, 2885 Mission Street, Santa Cruz, California, 95060","University of California, Santa Cruz"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1101-6580","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, 2885 Mission Street, Santa Cruz, California, 95060","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I4387152364"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Cruz","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054079367","display_name":"Brian B. Hatfield","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1432-2660","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1432-2660"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286329397","display_name":"United States Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I1335927249"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152364","display_name":"Western Ecological Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/051g31x14","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I1335927249","https://openalex.org/I4387152364"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian B. Hatfield","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, 2885 Mission Street, Santa Cruz, California, 95060"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1432-2660","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, 2885 Mission Street, Santa Cruz, California, 95060","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I4387152364"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063428193","display_name":"Lilian P. Carswell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4969-7884","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4969-7884"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343028186","display_name":"United States Fish and Wildlife Service","ror":"https://ror.org/04k7dar27","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335927249","https://openalex.org/I1343028186"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lilian Carswell","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4969-7884","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343028186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083691891","display_name":"Jessica A. Fujii","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4794-479X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4794-479X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jessica Fujii","raw_affiliation_strings":["Monterey Bay Aquarium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4794-479X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Monterey Bay Aquarium","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012255045","display_name":"Gena B. Bentall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5448-1573","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5448-1573"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95850191","display_name":"Moss Landing Marine Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01c8f2y33","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95850191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gena B. Bentall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Moss Landing Marine Laboratories","Sea Otter Savvy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5448-1573","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Moss Landing Marine Laboratories","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95850191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sea Otter Savvy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049421365","display_name":"Leilani Konrad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7165-2093","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7165-2093"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leilani Konrad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Monterey Bay Aquarium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7165-2093","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Monterey Bay Aquarium","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079365057","display_name":"Colleen Young","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9604-884X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9604-884X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333577951","display_name":"California Department of Fish and Wildlife","ror":"https://ror.org/02v6w2r95","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333577951","https://openalex.org/I2801479539","https://openalex.org/I4389425283"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Colleen Young","raw_affiliation_strings":["California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Office of Spill Prevention and Response"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9604-884X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Office of Spill Prevention and Response","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333577951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027041056","display_name":"Martin Tim Tinker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3314-839X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3314-839X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Tim Tinker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nhydra Ecological Consulting"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3314-839X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nhydra Ecological Consulting","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055897507","display_name":"Lizabeth Bowen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9115-4336","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9115-4336"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286329397","display_name":"United States Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I1335927249"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152364","display_name":"Western Ecological Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/051g31x14","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I1335927249","https://openalex.org/I4387152364"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lizabeth Bowen","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, 2885 Mission Street, Santa Cruz, California, 95060"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9115-4336","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, 2885 Mission Street, Santa Cruz, California, 95060","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I4387152364"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10659","display_name":"Marine animal studies overview","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10659","display_name":"Marine animal studies overview","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11656","display_name":"Turtle Biology and Conservation","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/southern-sea-otter","display_name":"southern sea otter","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhydra-lutris-nereis","display_name":"Enhydra lutris nereis","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/san-nicolas-island","display_name":"San Nicolas Island","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-abundance","display_name":"population abundance","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-decline-ecology","display_name":"population decline (ecology)","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/habitat-use","display_name":"habitat use","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foraging-behavior","display_name":"foraging behavior","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prey-selection","display_name":"prey selection","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-urchins","display_name":"sea urchins","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-intake-rate","display_name":"energy intake rate","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-monitoring","display_name":"population monitoring","score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seasonal-survey","display_name":"seasonal survey","score":0.3540000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marine-mammal-conservation","display_name":"marine mammal conservation","score":0.4410000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monterey-bay-national-marine-sanctuary","display_name":"Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary","score":0.5239999890327454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776931103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200184","display_name":"Otter","level":2,"score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.6848000288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C505870484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180538","display_name":"Fishery","level":1,"score":0.6553000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5764999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C514101110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14373","display_name":"Fishing","level":2,"score":0.5368000268936157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185933670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52105","display_name":"Habitat","level":2,"score":0.4936999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29376679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241741","display_name":"Wildlife","level":2,"score":0.489300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165287380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916569","display_name":"Foraging","level":2,"score":0.47769999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.4189000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777938942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179049","display_name":"Wildlife refuge","level":3,"score":0.3725000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176262533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4688034","display_name":"Aerial survey","level":2,"score":0.33880001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.29429998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909208804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127282","display_name":"Fish <Actinopterygii>","level":2,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776384079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382441","display_name":"Marine mammal","level":2,"score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781094106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11202642","display_name":"Commercial fishing","level":3,"score":0.2720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149340888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q814689","display_name":"Bycatch","level":3,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152382732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468756","display_name":"Shore","level":2,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776442470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25437","display_name":"Mustelidae","level":2,"score":0.2547999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77077793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336019","display_name":"Abundance (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188382862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170430","display_name":"Predation","level":2,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.08.28.747881","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.28.747881","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.28.747881","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/08/31/2026.08.28.747881.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.08.28.747881","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.28.747881","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.28.747881","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/08/31/2026.08.28.747881.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":1.0,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332182","display_name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","ror":"https://ror.org/04k7dar27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332183","display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332383","display_name":"California Department of Fish and Wildlife","ror":"https://ror.org/02v6w2r95"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332923","display_name":"U.S. Navy","ror":"https://ror.org/03ar0mv07"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204786863.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204786863.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963797613","https://openalex.org/W2017861185","https://openalex.org/W2032818079","https://openalex.org/W2070193532","https://openalex.org/W2100889587","https://openalex.org/W2128897201","https://openalex.org/W2132488095","https://openalex.org/W2476893282","https://openalex.org/W2485613599","https://openalex.org/W2923339550","https://openalex.org/W2976839040","https://openalex.org/W3199301796","https://openalex.org/W4232240879","https://openalex.org/W4288625073","https://openalex.org/W4386632728"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386632728","https://openalex.org/W3095748265","https://openalex.org/W2976839040","https://openalex.org/W2737627942","https://openalex.org/W1568004485","https://openalex.org/W2313890117","https://openalex.org/W2563043580","https://openalex.org/W2616989185","https://openalex.org/W4411272669","https://openalex.org/W2966812181"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,100],"southern":[2,92],"sea":[3,25,71,93,169,214,232,280,302,347],"otter":[4,72,94,170,303],"(":[5],"Enhydra":[6],"lutris":[7],"nereis":[8],")":[9],"population":[10,95,112,152],"at":[11,96,103,173,241,349],"San":[12,97,174,350],"Nicolas":[13,98,175,351],"Island,":[14],"California,":[15],"has":[16],"been":[17],"monitored":[18],"annually":[19],"since":[20],"the":[21,28,49,58,62,79,86,91,123,129,180,184,196,202,221,226,242,246,270,301,339],"translocation":[22],"of":[23,81,90,111,165,183,195,201,213,245,261,272,341,346],"140":[24],"otters":[26,215,233,348],"to":[27,77,142,235,255,314,338],"island":[29],"was":[30,177],"completed":[31],"in":[32,38,46,151,205,265],"1990.":[33],"Monitoring":[34],"efforts":[35],"have":[36],"varied":[37],"frequency":[39],"and":[40,61,65,74,115,188,198,204,231,269,289,294,344],"method":[41],"across":[42],"years.":[43],"In":[44],"2017,":[45],"accordance":[47],"with":[48,125,159,310],"National":[50],"Defense":[51],"Authorization":[52],"Act":[53],"for":[54],"Fiscal":[55],"Year":[56],"2016,":[57],"U.S.":[59,63],"Navy":[60],"Fish":[64],"Wildlife":[66],"Service":[67],"formally":[68],"initiated":[69],"a":[70,126,207,259],"monitoring":[73,101,343],"research":[75,345],"plan":[76],"determine":[78],"effects":[80],"military":[82],"readiness":[83],"activities":[84],"on":[85,128,179,258,275],"growth":[87],"or":[88],"decline":[89],"Island.":[99,352],"program,":[102],"its":[104],"basic":[105],"level,":[106],"includes":[107],"quarterly":[108],"seasonal":[109,193],"surveys":[110],"abundance,":[113],"distribution,":[114],"foraging":[116,263,267],"activity.":[117],"This":[118],"report":[119],"presents":[120],"data":[121,249,309,311],"from":[122,133,252,312],"program":[124],"focus":[127],"recent":[130],"three":[131],"years":[132],"winter":[134,137,256],"2023":[135,141,254],"through":[136],"(February)":[138],"2026.":[139,167],"From":[140],"2026,":[143],"we":[144,190],"measured":[145],"an":[146],"8.1-percent":[147],"per":[148,324,331],"annum":[149],"decrease":[150],"abundance":[153],"(95-percent":[154,326],"confidence":[155],"interval":[156,328],"=1.1\u201314.6":[157],"percent),":[158],"106":[160],"total":[161,260],"individuals":[162],"counted":[163],"as":[164],"February":[166],"Historically,":[168],"habitat":[171,238],"usage":[172,194,239],"Island":[176],"concentrated":[178],"west":[181,243],"end":[182,228,244],"island.":[185,247],"Between":[186],"2017":[187],"2019,":[189],"observed":[191],"increased":[192],"north":[197],"south":[199],"sides":[200],"island,":[203],"2020-2022,":[206],"large":[208],"(approximately":[209],"30-40":[210],"individuals)":[211],"group":[212],"(raft)":[216],"took":[217],"up":[218],"residence":[219],"off":[220],"east":[222,227],"end.":[223],"During":[224],"2023-2026":[225],"raft":[229],"disappeared,":[230],"returned":[234],"their":[236],"historical":[237],"patterns":[240],"Foraging":[248],"were":[250,279,297],"collected":[251],"summer":[253],"2026":[257],"461":[262],"dives":[264,277],"32":[266],"bouts,":[268],"majority":[271],"identified":[273,299],"prey":[274,304],"successful":[276],"(n=325)":[278],"urchins":[281],"(124)":[282],"followed":[283],"by":[284],"snails":[285],"(48),":[286],"bivalves":[287],"(41)":[288],"crabs":[290],"(23).":[291],"One":[292],"lobster":[293],"one":[295],"octopus":[296],"also":[298],"among":[300],"items.":[305],"We":[306],"combined":[307],"these":[308],"2020-2022":[313],"estimate":[315],"overall":[316],"energy":[317],"intake":[318],"rates":[319],"that":[320],"averaged":[321],"7.7":[322],"kilocalories":[323,330],"minute":[325],"credible":[327],"=6.6\u20139.1":[329],"minute).":[332],"These":[333],"results":[334],"can":[335],"be":[336],"useful":[337],"planning":[340],"future":[342]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-09-01T00:00:00"}
