{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204770064","doi":"https://doi.org/10.29121/shodhkosh.v7.i9s.2026.9100","title":"FINANCIAL INCLUSION AS A TOOL OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE: AN ANALYSIS OF JAN DHAN, UPI, AND DIGITAL COMMERCE","display_name":"FINANCIAL INCLUSION AS A TOOL OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE: AN ANALYSIS OF JAN DHAN, UPI, AND DIGITAL COMMERCE","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204770064","doi":"https://doi.org/10.29121/shodhkosh.v7.i9s.2026.9100"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.29121/shodhkosh.v7.i9s.2026.9100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.29121/shodhkosh.v7.i9s.2026.9100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.29121/shodhkosh.v7.i9s.2026.9100","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210236931","display_name":"ShodhKosh Journal of Visual and Performing Arts","issn_l":"2582-7472","issn":["2582-7472"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322614449","host_organization_name":"Granthaalayah Publications and Printers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Granthaalayah Publications and Printers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.29121/shodhkosh.v7.i9s.2026.9100","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122888905","display_name":"Prashant Kumar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405274624","display_name":"Christ Church College, Kanpur","ror":"https://ror.org/021s2jt88","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405274624"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prashant Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Christ Church College, Kanpur, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Christ Church College, Kanpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405274624"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080510475","display_name":"Bejender Kumar Agarwal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405274624","display_name":"Christ Church College, Kanpur","ror":"https://ror.org/021s2jt88","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405274624"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bejender Kumar Agarwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Christ Church College, Kanpur, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Christ Church College, Kanpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405274624"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148814812","display_name":"Ravindra Mewada","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ravindra Mewada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Scholar, Department of Political Science Samrat Vikramaditya University Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Scholar, Department of Political Science Samrat Vikramaditya University Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159893232","display_name":"Embrose Singh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801192375","display_name":"IFTM University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v2sn747","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801192375"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Embrose Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Scholar, IFTM University, Moradabad, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Scholar, IFTM University, Moradabad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801192375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159929269","display_name":"Akshay Srivastava","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178254495","display_name":"Dayalbagh Educational Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04q4j2f69","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178254495"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akshay Srivastava","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Scholar, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Scholar, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178254495"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141247380","display_name":"Vedansh Agarwal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68891433","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/049tgcd06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vedansh Agarwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["IIT Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IIT Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"9s","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10987","display_name":"Microfinance and Financial Inclusion","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10987","display_name":"Microfinance and Financial Inclusion","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13346","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Financial Services","score":0.00419999985024333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13894","display_name":"Indian Economic and Social Development","score":0.0027000000700354576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-inclusion","display_name":"financial inclusion","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratic-governance","display_name":"democratic governance","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pradhan-mantri-jan-dhan-yojana","display_name":"Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unified-payments-interface","display_name":"Unified Payments Interface","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/e-commerce","display_name":"e-commerce","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-public-infrastructure","display_name":"digital public infrastructure","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-benefit-transfer","display_name":"Direct Benefit Transfer","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capability-approach","display_name":"capability approach","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-theory","display_name":"institutional theory","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-empowerment","display_name":"economic empowerment","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informal-economy","display_name":"informal economy","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-inequality","display_name":"socioeconomic disparities","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-citizenship","display_name":"economic citizenship","score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/india","display_name":"India","score":0.3790000081062317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779251847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60852","display_name":"Financial inclusion","level":3,"score":0.8816999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22607594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5375150","display_name":"Enabling","level":2,"score":0.5231999754905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.48890000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.4855000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109359841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728944","display_name":"Inclusion (mineral)","level":2,"score":0.4740999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4424000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.4397999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160949748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365703","display_name":"Mobile payment","level":3,"score":0.43549999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.39320001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139043278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837171","display_name":"Financial services","level":2,"score":0.3921000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.38609999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C540431452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16319025","display_name":"FinTech","level":3,"score":0.38029998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20555606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868575","display_name":"Empowerment","level":2,"score":0.3707999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.36959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3393000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775930393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941439","display_name":"Mobile banking","level":2,"score":0.3084000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121087249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546395","display_name":"Emerging markets","level":2,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203043789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138461","display_name":"Digital economy","level":2,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510755694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q281095","display_name":"Financial regulation","level":2,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780526558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1345314","display_name":"Good governance","level":3,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17058734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064441","display_name":"Democratization","level":4,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775975177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15118772","display_name":"E-governance","level":3,"score":0.27480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777941463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416374","display_name":"Financial literacy","level":2,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74363100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005","display_name":"Economic system","level":1,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.29121/shodhkosh.v7.i9s.2026.9100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.29121/shodhkosh.v7.i9s.2026.9100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.29121/shodhkosh.v7.i9s.2026.9100","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210236931","display_name":"ShodhKosh Journal of Visual and Performing Arts","issn_l":"2582-7472","issn":["2582-7472"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322614449","host_organization_name":"Granthaalayah Publications and Printers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Granthaalayah Publications and Printers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.29121/shodhkosh.v7.i9s.2026.9100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.29121/shodhkosh.v7.i9s.2026.9100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.29121/shodhkosh.v7.i9s.2026.9100","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210236931","display_name":"ShodhKosh Journal of Visual and Performing Arts","issn_l":"2582-7472","issn":["2582-7472"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322614449","host_organization_name":"Granthaalayah Publications and Printers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Granthaalayah Publications and Printers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.41670000553131104,"display_name":"No poverty"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4248226310"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7134068194","https://openalex.org/W7164491394","https://openalex.org/W7170191629","https://openalex.org/W4404130302","https://openalex.org/W7220844815","https://openalex.org/W7221644708","https://openalex.org/W7217227051","https://openalex.org/W7130926071","https://openalex.org/W7222636057","https://openalex.org/W7223062112"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,193],"idea":[1],"of":[2,16,25,39,46,48,61,81,104,115,135,145,167,174,227,300],"democratic":[3,10,26,293,316],"governance":[4],"has":[5],"traditionally":[6],"been":[7],"limited":[8],"to":[9,51,77,87,138,177,185,253,269,304],"participation,":[11],"electoral":[12],"integrity":[13],"and":[14,29,35,102,162,181,184,200,211,233,273],"accountability":[15],"institutions.":[17],"But":[18],"within":[19],"the":[20,36,44,70,79,100,113,128,133,150,157,163,172,179,215,228,238,241,275,292],"emerging":[21,164],"world":[22],"viewpoints,":[23],"realization":[24],"agency":[27],"tightly":[28],"exclusively":[30],"intertwined":[31],"with":[32,197],"economic":[33,235,280,310],"empowerment":[34],"equitable":[37],"distribution":[38],"wealth.":[40],"Extreme":[41],"constraints":[42],"on":[43,99,203],"ability":[45],"members":[47],"a":[49,58,92,141,224,278,297,305,314],"population":[50],"enjoy":[52],"their":[53],"civic":[54],"voice":[55],"occur":[56],"when":[57],"large":[59],"share":[60],"them":[62],"are":[63,191],"systematically":[64],"excluded":[65],"from":[66,296],"financial":[67,72,82,106,220],"inclusion":[68,83,107,221],"by":[69,127,249],"formal":[71],"system.":[73],"This":[74,120],"paper":[75],"aims":[76],"explore":[78],"contribution":[80],"as":[84],"an":[85,231],"enabler":[86],"good":[88,96],"governance,":[89,97],"which":[90],"is":[91,109,195,201,217,288,312],"prerequisite":[93],"for":[94],"achieving":[95],"focusing":[98],"pace":[101],"scale":[103],"India\u2019s":[105],"that":[108,190,218,286],"fast":[110],"accelerating":[111],"through":[112,140],"implementation":[114],"Digital":[116,168],"Public":[117],"Infrastructure":[118],"(DPI).":[119],"study":[121,194],"examines":[122],"how":[123],"technological":[124,165],"interventions":[125],"facilitated":[126],"state":[129,229,242],"actively":[130],"engage":[131],"in":[132,289],"process":[134],"democratizing":[136],"access":[137,272],"finance":[139],"comprehensive":[142],"three-dimensional":[143],"analysis":[144],"three":[146],"key":[147],"enablers":[148],"\u2013":[149],"Pradhan":[151],"Mantri":[152],"Jan":[153],"Dhan":[154],"Yojana":[155],"(PMJDY),":[156],"Unified":[158],"Payments":[159],"Interface":[160],"(UPI)":[161],"framework":[166],"Commerce.":[169],"It":[170],"discusses":[171],"role":[173],"these":[175],"platforms":[176],"formalise":[178],"burgeoning":[180],"informal":[182],"economy":[183],"reduce":[186],"existing":[187],"socio-economic":[188],"inequalities":[189],"systemic.":[192],"qualitative":[196],"secondary":[198],"data":[199],"based":[202],"two":[204],"theoretical":[205],"models:":[206],"Amartya":[207],"Sen's":[208],"Capability":[209],"Approach":[210],"Institutional":[212],"Theory":[213],"where":[214,309],"hypothesis":[216],"digital":[219],"necessarily":[222],"makes":[223],"vulnerable":[225],"subject":[226],"into":[230],"empowered":[232],"resilient":[234],"citizen.":[236],"While":[237],"former":[239],"ups":[240],"capacity,":[243],"India's":[244],"DPI":[245],"promise":[246],"much":[247],"more":[248],"breaking":[250],"down":[251],"barriers":[252],"banking,":[254],"removing":[255],"rent":[256],"seeking":[257],"intermediaries":[258],"via":[259],"precision":[260],"Direct":[261],"Benefit":[262],"Transfers":[263],"(DBT),":[264],"preventing":[265],"platform":[266],"monopolies":[267],"due":[268],"decentralized":[270],"market":[271],"giving":[274],"marginalized":[276],"groups":[277],"verifiable":[279],"identity.":[281],"You":[282],"can":[283],"virtually":[284],"see":[285],"it":[287],"essence":[290],"rewriting":[291],"social":[294],"contract":[295],"patron/subscriber":[298],"system":[299],"distributing":[301],"welfare":[302],"payments":[303],"transparent,":[306],"rights-based":[307],"one,":[308],"equality":[311],"considered":[313],"fundamental,":[315],"right.":[317]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-09-01T00:00:00"}
