{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204765280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.607192","title":"Experimental realization of optical key distribution under strong wiretap eavesdropping","display_name":"Experimental realization of optical key distribution under strong wiretap eavesdropping","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204765280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.607192","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42837542"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1364/ao.607192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.607192","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.607192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211917","display_name":"Applied Optics","issn_l":"0003-6935","issn":["0003-6935","1539-4522","1540-8981","1559-128X","2155-3165"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","dongbi-c","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Optics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119275261","display_name":"Mateusz Kucharczyk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6679-0447","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6679-0447"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4654613","display_name":"University of Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/039bjqg32","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4654613"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mateusz Kucharczyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Quantum Optical Technologies sp. z o.o","University of Warsaw"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6679-0447","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Optical Technologies sp. z o.o","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Warsaw","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4654613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033593139","display_name":"Marcin Jarzyna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9989-1648","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9989-1648"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4654613","display_name":"University of Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/039bjqg32","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4654613"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcin Jarzyna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Quantum Optical Technologies sp. z o.o","University of Warsaw"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Optical Technologies sp. z o.o","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Warsaw","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4654613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019948871","display_name":"Miko\u0142aj Lasota","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4038-0330","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4038-0330"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019271933","display_name":"Nicolaus Copernicus University","ror":"https://ror.org/0102mm775","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miko\u0142aj Lasota","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4038-0330","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073121229","display_name":"Piotr Leszek Kolenderski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2478-2417","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2478-2417"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019271933","display_name":"Nicolaus Copernicus University","ror":"https://ror.org/0102mm775","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Piotr Kolenderski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2478-2417","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004247314","display_name":"Jaroslaw Piotr Turkiewicz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2345-4147","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2345-4147"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108403487","display_name":"Warsaw University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00y0xnp53","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaros\u0142aw P. Turkiewicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Warsaw University of Technology"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2345-4147","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Warsaw University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013829184","display_name":"Patryk J. Urban","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5546-3115","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5546-3115"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155313962","display_name":"West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin","ror":"https://ror.org/0596m7f19","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155313962"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patryk J. Urban","raw_affiliation_strings":["Quantum Optical Technologies sp. z o.o","West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5546-3115","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Optical Technologies sp. z o.o","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155313962"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045664039","display_name":"Konrad Banaszek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5389-6897","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5389-6897"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4654613","display_name":"University of Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/039bjqg32","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4654613"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konrad Banaszek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Quantum Optical Technologies sp. z o.o","University of Warsaw"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5389-6897","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Optical Technologies sp. z o.o","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Warsaw","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4654613"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64048755,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"65","issue":"28","first_page":"9585","last_page":"9585"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.8446999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.8446999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.0820000022649765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.03440000116825104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"quantum key distribution","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensity-modulation-direct-detection","display_name":"intensity modulation and direct detection","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-agreement-protocol","display_name":"key exchange","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/passive-eavesdropping","display_name":"passive eavesdropping","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-reconciliation","display_name":"key reconciliation","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer-security","display_name":"physical layer security","score":0.6359999775886536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776788033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320769","display_name":"Eavesdropping","level":2,"score":0.842199981212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.6234999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.6177999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781089630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21856745","display_name":"Realization (probability)","level":2,"score":0.6103000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5738999843597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5103999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.45680001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.40869998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.3677000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.36660000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102755159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7259683","display_name":"Pulse shaping","level":3,"score":0.2919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160333310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398153","display_name":"Key distribution","level":4,"score":0.290800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144028864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428588","display_name":"Stray light","level":2,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191463272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2493660","display_name":"Light beam","level":2,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778269747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098845","display_name":"Optical circulator","level":3,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.2531000077724457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1364/ao.607192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.607192","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.607192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211917","display_name":"Applied Optics","issn_l":"0003-6935","issn":["0003-6935","1539-4522","1540-8981","1559-128X","2155-3165"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","dongbi-c","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Optics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42837542","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42837542","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied optics","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F2461203286","display_name":"National Science and Technology Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322733","display_name":"Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki","ror":"https://ror.org/05dwvd537"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W949353694","https://openalex.org/W1973712217","https://openalex.org/W2043769961","https://openalex.org/W2099213070","https://openalex.org/W2101030244","https://openalex.org/W2143255200","https://openalex.org/W2150331811","https://openalex.org/W2227417930","https://openalex.org/W2273682834","https://openalex.org/W2517647381","https://openalex.org/W2799278992","https://openalex.org/W2882988557","https://openalex.org/W2921634714","https://openalex.org/W2948602808","https://openalex.org/W3004357554","https://openalex.org/W3004856262","https://openalex.org/W3112143478","https://openalex.org/W3197947358","https://openalex.org/W3203424262","https://openalex.org/W4205938675","https://openalex.org/W4281886899","https://openalex.org/W4312417876","https://openalex.org/W4378214526","https://openalex.org/W4384009134","https://openalex.org/W4386869675","https://openalex.org/W4399377791","https://openalex.org/W4399451345","https://openalex.org/W4402271947","https://openalex.org/W4406387659","https://openalex.org/W4413126305","https://openalex.org/W7151061656"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2884065090","https://openalex.org/W3203424262","https://openalex.org/W7168294877","https://openalex.org/W2137367521","https://openalex.org/W3004856262","https://openalex.org/W4413126305","https://openalex.org/W7123963822","https://openalex.org/W2980690167","https://openalex.org/W1994686125","https://openalex.org/W3155763538"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"report":[1],"the":[2,33,36,42,47,57,79,89,127],"experimental":[3,58],"distribution":[4,115],"of":[5,15,78,131],"a":[6,52,84,97],"cryptographic":[7],"key":[8,22,64,105,114],"based":[9],"on":[10],"binary":[11],"intensity-modulation/direct-detection":[12],"(IM/DD)":[13],"transmission":[14],"an":[16,39,117],"optical":[17,113,123],"signal.":[18],"The":[19,91,108],"implemented":[20],"secret":[21,63],"agreement":[23],"protocol":[24,92],"ensures":[25],"security":[26],"against":[27,126],"passive":[28],"wiretap":[29,86,132],"eavesdropping,":[30],"notably":[31],"in":[32,41],"regime":[34],"when":[35],"eavesdropper":[37],"has":[38],"advantage":[40],"intercepted":[43],"signal":[44],"strength":[45],"over":[46],"legitimate":[48],"recipient.":[49],"Operating":[50],"at":[51,69,75,88],"1":[53],"GBaud":[54],"symbol":[55],"rate,":[56],"fiber":[59],"optic":[60],"testbed":[61],"yielded":[62],"rates":[65],"between":[66],"43.5":[67],"Mbps":[68],"61.1":[70],"km":[71,77],"and":[72,103],"640":[73],"kbps":[74],"81.6":[76],"effective":[80],"link":[81],"length,":[82],"with":[83],"9%":[85],"installed":[87],"transmitter.":[90],"performance":[93],"was":[94],"analyzed":[95],"using":[96],"theoretical":[98],"model":[99],"incorporating":[100],"transmitter":[101],"noise":[102],"non-ideal":[104],"reconciliation":[106],"efficiency.":[107],"presented":[109],"results":[110],"validate":[111],"IM/DD":[112],"as":[116],"efficient":[118],"low-complexity":[119],"solution":[120],"for":[121],"protecting":[122],"communication":[124],"systems":[125],"predominant":[128],"physical-layer":[129],"threat":[130],"eavesdropping.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-09T09:14:12.587421","created_date":"2026-09-01T00:00:00"}