{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204757491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.47459/cndcgs.2026.90","title":"Volunteer Forces and Military Reserves in Individual Contemporary European Security Systems","display_name":"Volunteer Forces and Military Reserves in Individual Contemporary European Security Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204757491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.47459/cndcgs.2026.90"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.47459/cndcgs.2026.90","doi":"https://doi.org/10.47459/cndcgs.2026.90","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.47459/cndcgs.2026.90","pdf_url":"https://journals.lka.lt/journal/cndcgs/article/2449/file/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202721","display_name":"Challenges to national defence in a contemporary geopolitical situation","issn_l":"2538-8959","issn":["2538-8959","2669-2023"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Challenges to national defence in contemporary geopolitical situation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://journals.lka.lt/journal/cndcgs/article/2449/file/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148777466","display_name":"Renata SK\u00ddPALOV\u00c1","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4399657979","display_name":"Ambis University","ror":"https://ror.org/02z8bdw71","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4399657979"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renata SK\u00ddPALOV\u00c1","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Management and Human Resources - AMBIS University , Lindnerova 575/1 , 180 00 , Prague , Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Management and Human Resources - AMBIS University , Lindnerova 575/1 , 180 00 , Prague , Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4399657979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035600576","display_name":"Krist\u00fdna Binkov\u00e1","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6256-1108","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6256-1108"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96415178","display_name":"University of Defence","ror":"https://ror.org/04arkmn57","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96415178"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krist\u00fdna BINKOV\u00c1","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Resource Management ; Faculty of Military Leadership - University of Defence , Kounicova 156/65 , 662 10 Brno , Czech Republic","Ing"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Resource Management ; Faculty of Military Leadership - University of Defence , Kounicova 156/65 , 662 10 Brno , Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96415178"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ing","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009992687","display_name":"Iain Britton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9191-0610","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9191-0610"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iain BRITTON","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dr Iain BRITTON CF ; Global Foundation for Community Safety Volunteering ; 37 Alexander Street , Carlisle , England , CA1 2LH , United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dr Iain BRITTON CF ; Global Foundation for Community Safety Volunteering ; 37 Alexander Street , Carlisle , England , CA1 2LH , United Kingdom","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021896959","display_name":"Old\u0159ich Krul\u00edk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4048-5965","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4048-5965"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Old\u0159ich KRUL\u00cdK","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assoc. prof. Mgr. Old\u0159ich KRUL\u00cdK , Ph.D. ; Department of Security Management - AMBIS University , Lindnerova 575/1 , 180 00 , Prague , Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assoc. prof. Mgr. Old\u0159ich KRUL\u00cdK , Ph.D. ; Department of Security Management - AMBIS University , Lindnerova 575/1 , 180 00 , Prague , Czech Republic","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2026","issue":"1","first_page":"780","last_page":"799"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14086","display_name":"Military and Defense Studies","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14086","display_name":"Military and Defense Studies","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12825","display_name":"Defense, Military, and Policy Studies","score":0.0038999998942017555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13572","display_name":"German Security and Defense Policies","score":0.002199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-volunteers","display_name":"military volunteers","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reserve-forces","display_name":"reserve forces","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voluntary-military-service","display_name":"voluntary military service","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-military-cooperation","display_name":"civil-military cooperation","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-security","display_name":"internal security","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crisis-management","display_name":"crisis management","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conscription","display_name":"conscription","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-resilience","display_name":"state resilience","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-security-system","display_name":"European security system","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/belgium","display_name":"Belgium","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hungary","display_name":"Hungary","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/netherlands","display_name":"Netherlands","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/norway","display_name":"Norway","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poland","display_name":"Poland","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/romania","display_name":"Romania","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slovakia","display_name":"Slovakia","score":0.9959999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5490999817848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4916999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4537999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.451200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779948991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6047930","display_name":"Internal security","level":3,"score":0.4505000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.43790000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.43549999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528167355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258307","display_name":"National security","level":2,"score":0.42579999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110956428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6857873","display_name":"Military threat","level":3,"score":0.42149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4142000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779072820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47064","display_name":"Military personnel","level":2,"score":0.38830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79165680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1280151","display_name":"Security studies","level":2,"score":0.36000001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137176749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4105337","display_name":"Psychological resilience","level":2,"score":0.35030001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.3472999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527571333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28737","display_name":"Military justice","level":2,"score":0.33079999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3287999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.3278999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101173714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7316933","display_name":"Retrenchment","level":2,"score":0.31540000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776855904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q571595","display_name":"Security sector reform","level":3,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.3057999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203133693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7283","display_name":"Terrorism","level":2,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775907854","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444961","display_name":"Security forces","level":3,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777054862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q392160","display_name":"Failed state","level":3,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C505623098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3002932","display_name":"Critical security studies","level":5,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189326492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690689","display_name":"Revolution in Military Affairs","level":3,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776729102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q971119","display_name":"Use of force","level":3,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781145704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5124770","display_name":"Civil\u2013military relations","level":3,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779449393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q302285","display_name":"Human security","level":2,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541409800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15680550","display_name":"Military theory","level":3,"score":0.25290000438690186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.47459/cndcgs.2026.90","doi":"https://doi.org/10.47459/cndcgs.2026.90","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.47459/cndcgs.2026.90","pdf_url":"https://journals.lka.lt/journal/cndcgs/article/2449/file/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202721","display_name":"Challenges to national defence in a contemporary geopolitical situation","issn_l":"2538-8959","issn":["2538-8959","2669-2023"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Challenges to national defence in contemporary geopolitical situation","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.47459/cndcgs.2026.90","doi":"https://doi.org/10.47459/cndcgs.2026.90","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.47459/cndcgs.2026.90","pdf_url":"https://journals.lka.lt/journal/cndcgs/article/2449/file/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202721","display_name":"Challenges to national defence in a contemporary geopolitical situation","issn_l":"2538-8959","issn":["2538-8959","2669-2023"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Challenges to national defence in contemporary geopolitical situation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8999999761581421}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204757491.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204757491.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3003306277","https://openalex.org/W4400354150"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7204178490","https://openalex.org/W7213485978","https://openalex.org/W2468868790","https://openalex.org/W7212500104","https://openalex.org/W2810939279","https://openalex.org/W7135511913","https://openalex.org/W4400354150","https://openalex.org/W4417276259","https://openalex.org/W4400209484","https://openalex.org/W7164999410"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,114,187,209],"study":[1,188],"deals":[2],"with":[3],"the":[4,12,22,32,49,53,56,60,67,95,98,119,122,129,139,145,150,177,193,197,212],"role":[5],"of":[6,17,24,37,46,48,55,62,70,97,107,111,138,141,143,147,152,199,230],"volunteering":[7,215],"and":[8,14,34,43,65,73,82,100,134,154,242],"reserve":[9,83],"forces":[10,64,241],"in":[11,21,52,59,66,105,136,204,235],"security":[13,27,72,174],"defence":[15,54,92,207,223,232],"systems":[16],"selected":[18],"European":[19],"states":[20,124,236],"context":[23],"a":[25,87,166,219,227],"changing":[26],"environment.":[28],"It":[29,76],"focuses":[30],"on":[31,196,238],"institutional":[33],"personnel":[35,109],"anchoring":[36],"voluntary":[38],"military":[39,159],"service,":[40],"active":[41],"reserves":[42],"other":[44],"forms":[45],"involvement":[47],"wider":[50],"public":[51],"state,":[57],"both":[58],"field":[61],"armed":[63,240],"broader":[68],"framework":[69],"internal":[71],"crisis":[74],"management.":[75],"seems":[77],"increasingly":[78],"clear":[79],"that":[80,214],"volunteer":[81,202],"models":[84],"are":[85],"becoming":[86],"key":[88],"tool":[89],"for":[90,179],"strengthening":[91],"capacities,":[93],"increasing":[94],"resilience":[96],"state":[99],"deepening":[101],"civil-military":[102],"cooperation,":[103],"especially":[104],"conditions":[106],"limited":[108],"resources":[110],"professional":[112,239],"armies.":[113],"text":[115],"also":[116,163],"points":[117],"out":[118],"differences":[120],"between":[121],"individual":[123],"under":[125],"review":[126],"(Belgium,":[127],"Hungary,":[128],"Netherlands,":[130],"Norway,":[131],"Poland,":[132],"Romania":[133],"Slovakia)":[135],"terms":[137],"degree":[140],"integration":[142],"volunteers,":[144],"scope":[146],"their":[148,155,180],"tasks,":[149],"intensity":[151],"training":[153],"relationship":[156],"to":[157,165,169,190,192,222],"compulsory":[158],"service.":[160],"Attention":[161],"is":[162,216],"paid":[164],"certain":[167],"extent":[168],"informal":[170],"or":[171,182],"insufficiently":[172],"regulated":[173],"activities,":[175],"including":[176],"potential":[178,203],"politicisation":[181],"misuse":[183],"by":[184],"extremist":[185],"actors.":[186],"aims":[189],"contribute":[191],"expert":[194],"debate":[195],"possibilities":[198],"effectively":[200],"involving":[201],"complex":[205],"national":[206],"systems.":[208],"paper":[210],"advances":[211],"argument":[213],"no":[217],"longer":[218],"peripheral":[220],"addition":[221],"systems,":[224],"but":[225],"constitutes":[226],"structural":[228],"pillar":[229],"modern":[231],"architectures,":[233],"particularly":[234],"relying":[237],"whole-of-society":[243],"approaches.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-09-01T00:00:00"}