{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204755346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22208483","title":"The Lithium Triangle and China's Rare Earths: A Narrative Review of the Critical Minerals Geography of the Energy Transition","display_name":"The Lithium Triangle and China's Rare Earths: A Narrative Review of the Critical Minerals Geography of the Energy Transition","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204755346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22208483"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22208483","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22208483","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22208483","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22208483","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120933120","display_name":"Zen Revista","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6299-2008","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6299-2008"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124990","display_name":"Faculdades Guarulhos","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6maw65","country_code":"BR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124990"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Revista, Zen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculdade de Guarulhos (FG)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6299-2008","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculdade de Guarulhos (FG)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124990"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148830230","display_name":"10 GEOGRAPHY","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6299-2008","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6299-2008"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124990","display_name":"Faculdades Guarulhos","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6maw65","country_code":"BR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124990"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"GEOGRAPHY, 10","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculdade de Guarulhos (FG)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6299-2008","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculdade de Guarulhos (FG)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124990"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124990"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11091","display_name":"Extraction and Separation Processes","score":0.6039999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2506","display_name":"Metals and Alloys"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11091","display_name":"Extraction and Separation Processes","score":0.6039999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2506","display_name":"Metals and Alloys"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11933","display_name":"Mining and Resource Management","score":0.31520000100135803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12129","display_name":"Global Energy Security and Policy","score":0.03849999979138374,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2100","display_name":"General Energy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-minerals","display_name":"critical minerals","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-transition","display_name":"energy transition","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithium-triangle","display_name":"lithium triangle","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithium","display_name":"lithium","score":0.6069999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cobalt","display_name":"cobalt","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rare-earth-elements","display_name":"rare earth elements","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atacama-desert","display_name":"Atacama Desert","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithium-brines","display_name":"lithium brines","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-lithium-extraction","display_name":"direct lithium extraction","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mineral-resource-governance","display_name":"mineral resource governance","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-politics","display_name":"water politics","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decarbonization","display_name":"decarbonization","score":0.7429999709129333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5669000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.45899999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126457475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12131447","display_name":"Mineral resource classification","level":2,"score":0.44519999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777890234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q795757","display_name":"Energy transition","level":4,"score":0.4406999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.43459999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1965285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8008","display_name":"Earth science","level":1,"score":0.4323999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160363772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q936791","display_name":"Non-renewable resource","level":3,"score":0.427700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.40389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66264921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1370637","display_name":"Mineral exploration","level":2,"score":0.3702000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.36649999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.33730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87427459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12831143","display_name":"Human geography","level":2,"score":0.3352000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780761599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72596","display_name":"Resource curse","level":3,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92723977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191320","display_name":"Political geography","level":3,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.30320000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781127519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43637","display_name":"Monopoly","level":2,"score":0.29319998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151913843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454555","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.2865000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80368990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3046459","display_name":"Earth system science","level":2,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74363100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005","display_name":"Economic system","level":1,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C514928085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6206","display_name":"Capitalism","level":3,"score":0.2542000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775987171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192797","display_name":"Elite","level":3,"score":0.2529999911785126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22208483","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22208483","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22208483","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22208484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22208484","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22208484","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22208483","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22208483","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22208483","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7109805129","https://openalex.org/W7109761049","https://openalex.org/W7109542705","https://openalex.org/W7106849870","https://openalex.org/W7109667168","https://openalex.org/W7109708681","https://openalex.org/W7109820751","https://openalex.org/W7109682612","https://openalex.org/W7107872108","https://openalex.org/W7109695679"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,46],"energy":[1],"transition":[2],"replaces":[3],"a":[4,8,18,36],"fuel":[5],"geography":[6,189],"with":[7],"mineral":[9,188],"geography:":[10],"decarbonization's":[11],"technologies":[12],"concentrate":[13],"their":[14,31],"material":[15,221],"demands":[16],"in":[17,56,99,148],"handful":[19],"of":[20,39,73,78,87],"brines,":[21],"clays,":[22],"and":[23,69,75,77,80,85,92,102,111,113,126,130,142,145,153,158,168,171,204,209],"ores":[24],"whose":[25],"politics":[26,208],"is":[27,48,179,185,190,195],"as":[28,30],"concentrated":[29],"geology.":[32],"This":[33],"article":[34],"presents":[35],"narrative":[37],"review":[38],"the":[40,53,58,70,83,88,96,118,143,163,169,182,187,197,205,210,216],"literature":[41],"that":[42,44,174,181],"mapped":[43],"geography.":[45],"synthesis":[47],"organized":[49],"around":[50],"three":[51],"themes:":[52],"demand":[54],"mapping,":[55],"which":[57,100,149],"International":[59],"Energy":[60],"Agency's":[61],"critical":[62],"minerals":[63],"report,":[64],"Ali's":[65],"resource":[66],"governance":[67,144,202],"framework,":[68],"availability":[71,194],"studies":[72,116],"Yaksic":[74],"Tilton":[76],"Gruber":[79],"colleagues":[81],"fixed":[82],"scale":[84],"timing":[86],"transition's":[89,164,217],"lithium,":[90],"cobalt,":[91],"rare":[93,135,211],"earth":[94,136],"demands;":[95],"production":[97],"geographies,":[98],"Houston's":[101],"Flexer's":[103],"brine":[104],"evaluations,":[105],"Vera's":[106],"direct":[107],"lithium":[108,119],"extraction":[109],"review,":[110],"Liu":[112],"Agusdinata's":[114],"community":[115],"documented":[117],"triangle's":[120],"salares":[121],"---":[122,129,193,200],"Chile's":[123],"Atacama,":[124],"Argentina's":[125],"Bolivia's":[127],"basins":[128],"Wuebbeke's":[131],"analysis":[132],"traced":[133],"China's":[134],"dominance":[137],"from":[138],"ore":[139],"to":[140],"policy;":[141],"conflict":[146,156],"frame,":[147],"Overland's":[150],"geopolitics,":[151],"Church":[152],"Crawford's":[154],"green":[155],"minerals,":[157],"Herrington's":[159],"mining":[160],"assessment":[161],"weighed":[162],"dependencies,":[165],"local":[166],"impacts,":[167],"recycling":[170],"substitution":[172],"margins":[173],"could":[175],"loosen":[176],"them.":[177],"It":[178],"concluded":[180],"literature's":[183],"convergence":[184],"cautionary:":[186],"not":[191,196],"destiny":[192],"binding":[198],"constraint":[199],"but":[201],"is,":[203],"salares'":[206],"water":[207],"earths'":[212],"processing":[213],"monopoly":[214],"are":[215],"two":[218],"places":[219],"where":[220],"decarbonization":[222],"meets":[223],"political":[224],"friction.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-09-01T00:00:00"}
