{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204745945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1859209","title":"Source-renewing ectopic ApoB-TRL lipolysis in non-resolving ARDS: a testable spatial hypothesis","display_name":"Source-renewing ectopic ApoB-TRL lipolysis in non-resolving ARDS: a testable spatial hypothesis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204745945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1859209","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42741604","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13573208"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1859209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1859209","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1859209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595292759","display_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","issn_l":"1664-3224","issn":["1664-3224"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1859209","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007500307","display_name":"Yuwu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2661-0176","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2661-0176"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuwu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Orthopedics, Guangyuan Central Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthopedics, Guangyuan Central Hospital","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084807799","display_name":"Ping Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1534-0721","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1534-0721"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ping Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangyuan Central Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangyuan Central Hospital","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007500307"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64155494,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"1859209","last_page":"1859209"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10322","display_name":"Respiratory Support and Mechanisms","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10322","display_name":"Respiratory Support and Mechanisms","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11597","display_name":"Neutrophil, Myeloperoxidase and Oxidative Mechanisms","score":0.0031999999191612005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13430","display_name":"Lipid metabolism and disorders","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome","display_name":"acute respiratory distress syndrome","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lipoprotein-lipase","display_name":"lipoprotein lipase","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-fatty-acids","display_name":"free fatty acids","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neutrophil-extracellular-traps","display_name":"neutrophil extracellular traps","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fibrin","display_name":"fibrin","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neutrophil-recruitment","display_name":"neutrophil recruitment","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cytokine-signaling","display_name":"cytokine signaling","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-hypoxia","display_name":"regional hypoxia","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microcirculation","display_name":"microcirculation","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lipoprotein-turnover","display_name":"lipoprotein turnover","score":0.4169999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134897094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7003141","display_name":"Neutrophil extracellular traps","level":3,"score":0.6676999926567078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.6111999750137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140985366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898489","display_name":"Lipolysis","level":3,"score":0.5145999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.45559999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94879076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420014","display_name":"Lipoprotein lipase","level":3,"score":0.4327000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62746215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14890615","display_name":"Apolipoprotein B","level":3,"score":0.40209999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777289219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7632154","display_name":"Substrate (aquarium)","level":2,"score":0.40070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28406088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5571762","display_name":"Extracellular","level":2,"score":0.38029998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779244956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184204","display_name":"Macrophage","level":3,"score":0.3779999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780072125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28350","display_name":"Lipoprotein","level":3,"score":0.37470000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.35429999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776348555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q344873","display_name":"ARDS","level":3,"score":0.3407000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.33889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776914184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101991","display_name":"Inflammation","level":2,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778913445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186319","display_name":"Triglyceride","level":3,"score":0.3156000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12554922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100","display_name":"Biophysics","level":1,"score":0.31139999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97037327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5334291","display_name":"Ectopic expression","level":3,"score":0.3059000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.305400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778690821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212354","display_name":"Cytokine","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51785407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2627568","display_name":"Effector","level":2,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776125364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169219","display_name":"Albumin","level":2,"score":0.2567000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11772777","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423126","display_name":"Chylomicron","level":5,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001055","descriptor_name":"Apolipoproteins B","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008066","descriptor_name":"Lipolysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008071","descriptor_name":"Lipoprotein Lipase","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008074","descriptor_name":"Lipoproteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009504","descriptor_name":"Neutrophils","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009504","descriptor_name":"Neutrophils","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012128","descriptor_name":"Respiratory Distress Syndrome","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012128","descriptor_name":"Respiratory Distress Syndrome","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012128","descriptor_name":"Respiratory Distress Syndrome","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014280","descriptor_name":"Triglycerides","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1859209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1859209","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1859209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595292759","display_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","issn_l":"1664-3224","issn":["1664-3224"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42741604","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42741604","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in immunology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13573208","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13573208/pdf/fimmu-17-1859209.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Immunol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9089cb6d3a874bf8aa4cf6559f442a20","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9089cb6d3a874bf8aa4cf6559f442a20","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Immunology, Vol 17 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1859209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1859209","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1859209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595292759","display_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","issn_l":"1664-3224","issn":["1664-3224"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9476000070571899,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1748543015","https://openalex.org/W1973431219","https://openalex.org/W1984259997","https://openalex.org/W2011479207","https://openalex.org/W2013065585","https://openalex.org/W2016869710","https://openalex.org/W2024224130","https://openalex.org/W2027395947","https://openalex.org/W2045772297","https://openalex.org/W2052172788","https://openalex.org/W2055990114","https://openalex.org/W2057131420","https://openalex.org/W2059895389","https://openalex.org/W2064399682","https://openalex.org/W2073258063","https://openalex.org/W2080138182","https://openalex.org/W2094596421","https://openalex.org/W2099488693","https://openalex.org/W2100852364","https://openalex.org/W2109691709","https://openalex.org/W2115672224","https://openalex.org/W2118583447","https://openalex.org/W2124519382","https://openalex.org/W2129707656","https://openalex.org/W2131858017","https://openalex.org/W2137061042","https://openalex.org/W2143152020","https://openalex.org/W2153354364","https://openalex.org/W2156141764","https://openalex.org/W2159055946","https://openalex.org/W2162897915","https://openalex.org/W2177552011","https://openalex.org/W2181492215","https://openalex.org/W2264612298","https://openalex.org/W2465618666","https://openalex.org/W2594331812","https://openalex.org/W2625802963","https://openalex.org/W2799794258","https://openalex.org/W2810427028","https://openalex.org/W2921168633","https://openalex.org/W3011047309","https://openalex.org/W3048259608","https://openalex.org/W3080238273","https://openalex.org/W3107109185","https://openalex.org/W3136070537","https://openalex.org/W3138476555","https://openalex.org/W4211175095","https://openalex.org/W4211250103","https://openalex.org/W4237939525","https://openalex.org/W4284882922","https://openalex.org/W4285392518","https://openalex.org/W4309245029","https://openalex.org/W4313266828","https://openalex.org/W4385216881","https://openalex.org/W4389179209","https://openalex.org/W4390151055","https://openalex.org/W4392882903","https://openalex.org/W4399231126","https://openalex.org/W4401246549","https://openalex.org/W4401443736","https://openalex.org/W4406076133","https://openalex.org/W4408275931","https://openalex.org/W4409595286","https://openalex.org/W7117373641"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3175735146","https://openalex.org/W3042188183","https://openalex.org/W3197936866","https://openalex.org/W7171597326","https://openalex.org/W4396609716","https://openalex.org/W21732503","https://openalex.org/W139336449","https://openalex.org/W1818302517","https://openalex.org/W2009729377","https://openalex.org/W2007624307"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Acute":[0],"respiratory":[1],"distress":[2],"syndrome":[3],"(ARDS)":[4],"may":[5],"remain":[6],"regionally":[7],"permeable":[8],"and":[9,74,78,86,91,103,136,143,189,194,197],"poorly":[10],"reparative":[11],"after":[12,203],"the":[13,99,108,174,184,205,221],"initiating":[14],"insult":[15],"has":[16],"weakened.":[17],"We":[18],"propose":[19],"that,":[20],"in":[21,183],"a":[22,46,82,121,125,131,164,199,209],"biologically":[23],"enriched":[24],"subset":[25],"of":[26,31,107,214],"non-resolving":[27],"ARDS,":[28],"repeated":[29],"entry":[30,106,188],"circulating":[32],"apolipoprotein":[33],"B-containing":[34],"triglyceride-rich":[35],"lipoproteins":[36],"(ApoB-TRLs)":[37],"into":[38],"an":[39],"injured":[40],"perivascular":[41],"or":[42,160,219],"interstitial":[43],"compartment":[44],"provides":[45],"renewable":[47],"substrate":[48,170],"for":[49],"local":[50],"injury.":[51],"Catalytically":[52],"active":[53],"lipoprotein":[54],"lipase":[55],"(LPL)":[56],"converts":[57],"particle":[58,110,211],"triglyceride":[59],"(TG)":[60],"to":[61,155],"free":[62],"fatty":[63],"acids":[64],"(FFAs).":[65],"When":[66],"FFA":[67],"generation":[68],"exceeds":[69],"albumin":[70],"buffering,":[71],"cellular":[72],"disposal,":[73],"lymphatic":[75],"removal,":[76],"redox":[77],"lipid-mediator":[79],"signaling":[80],"induces":[81],"focused":[83],"cytokine":[84],"program":[85],"recruits":[87],"neutrophils.":[88],"Oxidants,":[89],"proteases,":[90],"neutrophil":[92],"extracellular":[93],"trap":[94],"(NET)-fibrin":[95],"complexes":[96],"then":[97],"injure":[98],"glycocalyx,":[100],"junctions,":[101],"matrix,":[102],"epithelium,":[104],"permitting":[105],"next":[109],"cohort.":[111],"Renewed":[112],"source-resolved":[113,187],"input,":[114],"rather":[115],"than":[116],"lipid":[117],"abundance":[118],"alone,":[119],"distinguishes":[120],"self-maintaining":[122],"loop":[123,149],"from":[124],"finite":[126],"amplifier.":[127],"Effective":[128],"LPL":[129],"activity,":[130],"macrophage":[132],"brake,":[133],"regional":[134],"hypoxia,":[135],"slow":[137],"structural":[138],"locks":[139],"modify":[140],"circuit":[141],"phase":[142],"reversibility":[144],"but":[145],"do":[146],"not":[147],"define":[148],"closure.":[150],"Spatial":[151],"progression":[152],"is":[153,171,180],"predicted":[154],"be":[156],"signal-first:":[157],"mobile":[158],"inflammatory":[159,192],"coagulation":[161],"relays":[162],"prime":[163],"remote":[165],"endothelial":[166],"gate,":[167],"while":[168],"fresh":[169],"supplied":[172],"by":[173],"recipient":[175],"microcirculation.":[176],"The":[177],"decisive":[178],"prediction":[179],"ordered":[181],"recurrence":[182],"same":[185],"microdomain:":[186],"conversion":[190],"precede":[191],"execution":[193],"barrier":[195],"loss,":[196],"interrupting":[198],"verified":[200],"downstream":[201],"executor":[202],"matching":[204],"first":[206],"input":[207],"prevents":[208],"second":[210],"input.":[212],"Failure":[213],"this":[215],"sequence":[216],"would":[217],"narrow":[218],"reject":[220],"hypothesis.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2026-09-01T00:00:00"}