{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204702604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-68713-1","title":"SIGN-AIR: real-time sign language recognition and translation using gesture-aware neural networks on aerial robotic platforms","display_name":"SIGN-AIR: real-time sign language recognition and translation using gesture-aware neural networks on aerial robotic platforms","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204702604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-68713-1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-68713-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-68713-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-68713-1","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-68713-1_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7204702604"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-68713-1_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115895182","display_name":"Hafsa Waheed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767994","display_name":"Pak-Austria Fachhochschule: Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05pgqgb54","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391767994"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hafsa Waheed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology and Computer Science, Pak Austria Fachhochschule, Haripur, 22620, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology and Computer Science, Pak Austria Fachhochschule, Haripur, 22620, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391767994"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020683219","display_name":"Ghulam E Mustafa Abro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1874-1889","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1874-1889"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204337017","display_name":"Aarhus University","ror":"https://ror.org/01aj84f44","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ghulam E Mustafa Abro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Unit for the Robophilosophy and Integrative Social Robotics (RISR), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1874-1889","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Unit for the Robophilosophy and Integrative Social Robotics (RISR), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121272044","display_name":"Sufyan Ali Memon","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sufyan Ali Memon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Defense and AI System Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Gwangjin-gu, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Defense and AI System Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Gwangjin-gu, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120836575","display_name":"Nasir Saeed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-5139","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-5139"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nasir Saeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020683219","https://openalex.org/A5120836575"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411","https://openalex.org/I204337017"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11285","display_name":"Hearing Impairment and Communication","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign-language-recognition","display_name":"sign language recognition","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-sign-language","display_name":"American Sign Language","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-gesture-recognition","display_name":"real-time gesture recognition","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"edge computing","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cnn-bilstm","display_name":"CNN-BiLSTM","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign-to-speech-translation","display_name":"sign-to-speech translation","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-to-sign-translation","display_name":"speech-to-sign translation","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deaf-and-hard-of-hearing-communication","display_name":"deaf and hard-of-hearing communication","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerial-robots","display_name":"autonomous drones","score":0.4620000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8428000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522192633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34228","display_name":"Sign language","level":2,"score":0.6733999848365784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780297707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895393","display_name":"Landmark","level":2,"score":0.5608999729156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.5529000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5145000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.506600022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159437735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519524","display_name":"Gesture recognition","level":3,"score":0.4465000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.4180000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.4171000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.4016999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3691999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.3677999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.36660000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.36489999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46637626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693015","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","level":2,"score":0.35830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.35760000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.3434000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.3407000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.34040001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776230583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1322198","display_name":"Spoken language","level":2,"score":0.3402000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.3377000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3310000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.32749998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.3160000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6528762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1574298","display_name":"Traffic sign recognition","level":4,"score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776737515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14759","display_name":"American Sign Language","level":3,"score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3028999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.30090001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.29750001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98025372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477538","display_name":"Systems architecture","level":3,"score":0.29190000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.28760001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.26899999380111694}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-68713-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-68713-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-68713-1","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-68713-1_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-68713-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-68713-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-68713-1","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-68713-1_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309928","display_name":"Aarhus Universitet","ror":"https://ror.org/01aj84f44"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204702604.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204702604.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493644597","https://openalex.org/W1518672027","https://openalex.org/W1821462560","https://openalex.org/W1969595749","https://openalex.org/W2004074725","https://openalex.org/W2077726817","https://openalex.org/W2139670260","https://openalex.org/W2146221819","https://openalex.org/W2158233635","https://openalex.org/W2188882108","https://openalex.org/W2235034809","https://openalex.org/W2486709848","https://openalex.org/W2582523608","https://openalex.org/W2604427834","https://openalex.org/W2613927007","https://openalex.org/W2743239999","https://openalex.org/W2790571983","https://openalex.org/W2891726870","https://openalex.org/W2904648777","https://openalex.org/W2940156133","https://openalex.org/W2949520286","https://openalex.org/W2962730651","https://openalex.org/W2962814013","https://openalex.org/W2968405839","https://openalex.org/W2971544482","https://openalex.org/W2997573805","https://openalex.org/W3036954260","https://openalex.org/W3037486115","https://openalex.org/W3103017991","https://openalex.org/W3117841975","https://openalex.org/W3119366678","https://openalex.org/W4213147678"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7162760230","https://openalex.org/W7147372473","https://openalex.org/W4408544992","https://openalex.org/W7149368218","https://openalex.org/W4389817156","https://openalex.org/W7172108587","https://openalex.org/W7147501151","https://openalex.org/W4403676856","https://openalex.org/W4396672132","https://openalex.org/W7216003649"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Communication":[1],"barriers":[2],"experienced":[3],"by":[4,170],"deaf":[5],"and":[6,40,75,95,113,128,155,192,204],"hard-of-hearing":[7],"individuals":[8],"remain":[9],"a":[10,32,59,86,106,129],"significant":[11],"challenge,":[12],"particularly":[13],"in":[14,73,162,198],"situations":[15],"where":[16,164],"conventional":[17,44],"communication":[18,161,194],"infrastructure":[19],"is":[20],"unavailable":[21],"or":[22,52,176],"fixed-camera":[23,165],"systems":[24,166],"have":[25],"limited":[26,172],"coverage.":[27],"This":[28],"paper":[29],"presents":[30],"SIGN-AIR,":[31],"UAV-assisted":[33,147],"framework":[34,57,149],"for":[35,195,227],"real-time":[36],"sign":[37],"language":[38],"recognition":[39,72,118,148],"bidirectional":[41,182],"translation.":[42],"Unlike":[43],"approaches":[45],"based":[46],"on":[47,105],"fixed":[48],"cameras,":[49,54],"wearable":[50],"sensors,":[51],"depth":[53],"the":[55,93,110,141,145,151,180,186,208],"proposed":[56,146,181],"integrates":[58],"drone-mounted":[60],"stabilised":[61],"RGB":[62],"camera":[63],"with":[64,85,123],"onboard":[65],"edge":[66],"computing":[67],"to":[68,90,159,188],"enable":[69],"flexible":[70],"gesture":[71],"indoor":[74],"outdoor":[76],"environments.":[77],"The":[78],"system":[79],"combines":[80],"MediaPipe-based":[81],"hand":[82],"landmark":[83],"extraction":[84],"hybrid":[87],"CNN\u2013BiLSTM":[88],"architecture":[89],"model":[91],"both":[92,190],"spatial":[94],"temporal":[96],"characteristics":[97],"of":[98,120,133,144,174],"American":[99],"Sign":[100],"Language":[101],"gestures.":[102],"Experimental":[103],"evaluation":[104],"combined":[107],"dataset":[108],"comprising":[109],"ASL":[111],"Alphabet":[112],"WLASL":[114],"achieved":[115],"an":[116,224],"overall":[117],"accuracy":[119],"98.63%,":[121],"together":[122],"high":[124,126],"precision,":[125],"recall,":[127],"median":[130],"inference":[131],"latency":[132],"less":[134],"than":[135],"2":[136],"s.":[137],"These":[138],"results":[139],"demonstrate":[140],"technical":[142,213],"feasibility":[143],"under":[150,219],"evaluated":[152],"experimental":[153],"conditions":[154,222],"indicate":[156],"its":[157],"potential":[158,187],"support":[160],"scenarios":[163],"may":[167],"be":[168],"affected":[169],"occlusions,":[171],"fields":[173],"view,":[175],"environmental":[177],"variability.":[178],"Furthermore,":[179],"translation":[183],"pipeline":[184],"has":[185],"facilitate":[189],"sign-to-speech":[191],"speech-to-sign":[193],"prospective":[196],"applications":[197],"accessibility,":[199],"education,":[200],"public":[201],"service":[202],"interactions,":[203],"emergency":[205],"response.":[206],"Although":[207],"current":[209],"study":[210],"demonstrates":[211],"promising":[212],"performance,":[214],"comprehensive":[215],"real-world":[216],"field":[217],"validation":[218],"representative":[220],"operational":[221],"remains":[223],"important":[225],"direction":[226],"future":[228],"work.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2026-08-31T00:00:00"}