{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204696346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.25.8.9","title":"Enhancing Formal Writing Skills of Omani Post-Foundation EFL Students through QuillBot (an AI Tool) Integration","display_name":"Enhancing Formal Writing Skills of Omani Post-Foundation EFL Students through QuillBot (an AI Tool) Integration","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204696346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.25.8.9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.26803/ijlter.25.8.9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.25.8.9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.25.8.9","pdf_url":"https://www.ijlter.org/index.php/ijlter/article/download/18148/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764443953","display_name":"International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research","issn_l":"1694-2116","issn":["1694-2116","1694-2493"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322553","host_organization_name":"Tresorix Ltd","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Tresorix Ltd"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7204696346"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.ijlter.org/index.php/ijlter/article/download/18148/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079387508","display_name":"Zafar Iqbal Khattak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0569-5361","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0569-5361"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158057","display_name":"University of Technology and Applied Sciences - Al Mussanah","ror":"https://ror.org/0568ttb16","country_code":"OM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158057"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258755","display_name":"University of Technology and Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/0157tcg24","country_code":"OM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405258755"]}],"countries":["OM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zafar Iqbal Khattak","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Technology and Applied Sciences Al-Musannah Oman"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Technology and Applied Sciences Al-Musannah Oman","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158057","https://openalex.org/I4405258755"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116643759","display_name":"Binu Pathippallil Mathew","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6097-1026","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6097-1026"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Binu Pathippallil Mathew","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095902745","display_name":"Mohsen Ghorbanpoor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5620-0295","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5620-0295"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158057","display_name":"University of Technology and Applied Sciences - Al Mussanah","ror":"https://ror.org/0568ttb16","country_code":"OM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158057"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258755","display_name":"University of Technology and Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/0157tcg24","country_code":"OM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405258755"]}],"countries":["OM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohsen Ghorbanpoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Technology and Applied Sciences Al-Musannah Oman"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Technology and Applied Sciences Al-Musannah Oman","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158057","https://openalex.org/I4405258755"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108259947","display_name":"Muhammad Babar Qureshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3165-7175","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3165-7175"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158057","display_name":"University of Technology and Applied Sciences - Al Mussanah","ror":"https://ror.org/0568ttb16","country_code":"OM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158057"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258755","display_name":"University of Technology and Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/0157tcg24","country_code":"OM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405258755"]}],"countries":["OM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Babar Qureshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Technology and Applied Sciences Al-Musannah Oman"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Technology and Applied Sciences Al-Musannah Oman","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158057","https://openalex.org/I4405258755"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5097325215","display_name":"Malik Al Zakwani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4535-2970","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4535-2970"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Malik Hamed Al-Zakwani","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"231","last_page":"231"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.7246000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.7246000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14516","display_name":"English Language Learning and Teaching","score":0.20649999380111694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14414","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","score":0.052400000393390656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quillbot","display_name":"QuillBot","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-assisted-writing-instruction","display_name":"AI-assisted writing instruction","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efl-writing","display_name":"EFL writing","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paraphrasing","display_name":"paraphrase","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar-feedback","display_name":"grammar feedback","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-perceptions","display_name":"student perceptions","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/writing-anxiety","display_name":"writing anxiety","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-awareness","display_name":"error awareness","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/revision-practices","display_name":"revision practices","score":0.5450000166893005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6504999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.49779999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779305910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172809","display_name":"Corrective feedback","level":2,"score":0.49219998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.4846000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.4546000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778883600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2390977","display_name":"Language proficiency","level":2,"score":0.4323999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4287000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4117000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.3982999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.39719998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986378755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130192","display_name":"English as a foreign language","level":2,"score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173633133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw score","level":3,"score":0.3626999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.359499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87156501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268708","display_name":"Qualitative property","level":2,"score":0.33160001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114010052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150352","display_name":"Foreign language","level":2,"score":0.3228999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.3093000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018587665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268696","display_name":"Qualitative analysis","level":3,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776181820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8434","display_name":"Formal learning","level":2,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779192225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7443730","display_name":"Second language writing","level":3,"score":0.28380000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88610354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813494","display_name":"Teaching method","level":2,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q560583","display_name":"English grammar","level":3,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987567764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125421","display_name":"Second language","level":2,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019916461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10870555","display_name":"Report writing","level":2,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987496018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1860","display_name":"English language","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119867837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4119870","display_name":"Academic writing","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780814955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6500387","display_name":"Study abroad","level":2,"score":0.2513999938964844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.26803/ijlter.25.8.9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.25.8.9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.25.8.9","pdf_url":"https://www.ijlter.org/index.php/ijlter/article/download/18148/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764443953","display_name":"International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research","issn_l":"1694-2116","issn":["1694-2116","1694-2493"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322553","host_organization_name":"Tresorix Ltd","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Tresorix Ltd"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.26803/ijlter.25.8.9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.25.8.9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.25.8.9","pdf_url":"https://www.ijlter.org/index.php/ijlter/article/download/18148/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764443953","display_name":"International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research","issn_l":"1694-2116","issn":["1694-2116","1694-2493"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322553","host_organization_name":"Tresorix Ltd","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Tresorix Ltd"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.975600004196167,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial","display_name":"Clinical Trial"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204696346.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204696346.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979290264","https://openalex.org/W2061554433","https://openalex.org/W2072500831","https://openalex.org/W3217066532","https://openalex.org/W4299627282","https://openalex.org/W4310295263","https://openalex.org/W4382940101","https://openalex.org/W4384934594","https://openalex.org/W4389793309","https://openalex.org/W4391065304","https://openalex.org/W4391174864","https://openalex.org/W4391320715","https://openalex.org/W4394993620","https://openalex.org/W4399368432","https://openalex.org/W4401014858","https://openalex.org/W4402079214","https://openalex.org/W4404592438","https://openalex.org/W4405723112","https://openalex.org/W4405971139","https://openalex.org/W4406776348","https://openalex.org/W4406804344","https://openalex.org/W4406849019","https://openalex.org/W4406988265","https://openalex.org/W4407527232","https://openalex.org/W4407796858","https://openalex.org/W4407823692","https://openalex.org/W4408586595","https://openalex.org/W4409042249","https://openalex.org/W4409578979","https://openalex.org/W4409949856","https://openalex.org/W4410550702","https://openalex.org/W4410933401","https://openalex.org/W4410988322","https://openalex.org/W4410988329","https://openalex.org/W4411241728","https://openalex.org/W4412732813","https://openalex.org/W4413989832","https://openalex.org/W4414129457","https://openalex.org/W4414419151","https://openalex.org/W4415294973","https://openalex.org/W4415584365","https://openalex.org/W4415998177","https://openalex.org/W4416971742","https://openalex.org/W7117358990","https://openalex.org/W7124163440","https://openalex.org/W7125519850","https://openalex.org/W7153749645"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7216027396","https://openalex.org/W4415911899","https://openalex.org/W6888827694","https://openalex.org/W4417034200","https://openalex.org/W7170764543","https://openalex.org/W4409441015","https://openalex.org/W4404637866","https://openalex.org/W4410065150","https://openalex.org/W7160575200","https://openalex.org/W7155606486"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"(AI)":[2],"is":[3],"being":[4],"integrated":[5,65],"into":[6],"English":[7],"as":[8,34,67,92],"a":[9,57,68,99,191,214],"foreign":[10],"language":[11],"(EFL)":[12],"writing":[13,24,46,78,106,112,203],"instruction,":[14],"yet":[15],"empirical":[16],"evidence":[17],"regarding":[18],"its":[19],"effectiveness":[20],"in":[21,29,103,109,123,164,201],"improving":[22],"learners\u2019":[23],"performance":[25,204],"remains":[26],"inconclusive,":[27],"particularly":[28],"under-researched":[30],"EFL":[31,51],"contexts":[32],"such":[33],"Oman.":[35],"This":[36],"study":[37,223],"investigated":[38],"the":[39,93,119,129,134,144,154,179,183,206,219,225,238],"impact":[40],"of":[41,153,240],"AI-assisted":[42,188],"instruction":[43,189],"on":[44,237],"formal":[45,105,202],"proficiency":[47],"among":[48],"Omani":[49],"post-foundation":[50],"students":[52,148,212],"(N":[53],"=":[54],"58)":[55],"using":[56,190,233],"quasi-experimental":[58],"pre-test\u2013post-test":[59],"mixed-methods":[60],"research":[61],"design.":[62],"The":[63],"intervention":[64,95],"QuillBot":[66],"supplementary":[69],"paraphrasing":[70],"and":[71,161,167],"grammar":[72],"feedback":[73],"tool":[74,194],"within":[75,205],"structured,":[76],"teacher-guided":[77],"tasks.":[79],"A":[80],"one-way":[81],"ANCOVA,":[82],"controlling":[83],"for":[84,227,230],"pre-test":[85],"performance,":[86],"revealed":[87,149],"no":[88],"statistically":[89,100],"significant":[90,101],"difference,":[91],"AI?assisted":[94],"did":[96,174,195],"not":[97,175,196],"produce":[98],"improvement":[102],"total":[104],"scores":[107,122],"or":[108],"any":[110],"individual":[111],"category":[113],"relative":[114],"to":[115],"conventional":[116],"instruction.":[117],"Furthermore,":[118],"raw":[120],"post-test":[121],"several":[124],"categories,":[125],"including":[126,156],"Organization,":[127],"favored":[128],"control":[130],"group":[131],"rather":[132],"than":[133],"experimental":[135],"group.":[136],"Qualitative":[137],"findings":[138,184],"obtained":[139],"through":[140],"semi-structured":[141],"interviews":[142],"with":[143,178,218,243],"five":[145],"most":[146],"active":[147],"broadly":[150],"positive":[151,215],"perceptions":[152],"intervention,":[155],"increased":[157],"confidence,":[158],"reduced":[159],"anxiety,":[160],"reported":[162,213],"gains":[163,200],"error":[165],"awareness":[166],"revision":[168],"practices.":[169],"However,":[170],"this":[171,222],"qualitative":[172],"pattern":[173],"consistently":[176],"align":[177],"quantitative":[180,199],"findings.":[181],"Overall,":[182],"indicate":[185],"that":[186],"short-term":[187],"single":[192],"corrective":[193],"yield":[197],"measurable":[198],"study\u2019s":[207],"timeframe,":[208],"even":[209],"though":[210],"some":[211],"subjective":[216],"experience":[217],"tool.":[220],"Thus,":[221],"recommends":[224],"need":[226],"AI-tool":[228],"integration":[229],"long-term":[231],"interventions":[232],"larger":[234],"samples,":[235],"focusing":[236],"measurement":[239],"student":[241],"engagement":[242],"AI":[244],"feedback.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-08-31T00:00:00"}