{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204695828","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0127722708477380260817101231","title":"Understanding Alopecia Areata: An Integrative Review of Causes, Mechanisms, and Management Strategies","display_name":"Understanding Alopecia Areata: An Integrative Review of Causes, Mechanisms, and Management Strategies","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204695828","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0127722708477380260817101231","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706968"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2174/0127722708477380260817101231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0127722708477380260817101231","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0127722708477380260817101231","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210236555","display_name":"Recent Advances in Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery","issn_l":"2772-2708","issn":["2772-2708","2772-2716"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","medline","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320079","host_organization_name":"Bentham Science Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bentham Science Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Recent Advances in Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7204695828"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148723512","display_name":"Ritika Thakur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7056-7891","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7056-7891"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801240201","display_name":"Rayat Bahra University","ror":"https://ror.org/03564kq40","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801240201"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ritika Thakur","raw_affiliation_strings":["University School of Pharmacy, Rayat Bahra University, Mohali, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7056-7891","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University School of Pharmacy, Rayat Bahra University, Mohali, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801240201"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084646324","display_name":"Parina Gill","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6428-849X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6428-849X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801240201","display_name":"Rayat Bahra University","ror":"https://ror.org/03564kq40","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801240201"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Parina Gill","raw_affiliation_strings":["University School of Pharmacy, Rayat Bahra University, Mohali, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6428-849X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University School of Pharmacy, Rayat Bahra University, Mohali, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801240201"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032112212","display_name":"Rajni Bala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6960-3403","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6960-3403"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801240201","display_name":"Rayat Bahra University","ror":"https://ror.org/03564kq40","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801240201"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajni Bala","raw_affiliation_strings":["University School of Pharmacy, Rayat Bahra University, Mohali, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6960-3403","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University School of Pharmacy, Rayat Bahra University, Mohali, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801240201"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083836391","display_name":"Rishi Saraswat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9420-1035","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9420-1035"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4403386690","display_name":"Raffles University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rtaje08","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4403386690"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rishi Saraswat","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Pharmacy, Raffles University,Neemrana, Rajasthan, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9420-1035","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Pharmacy, Raffles University,Neemrana, Rajasthan, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4403386690"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138299701","display_name":"Ramandeep Kaur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0339-5591","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0339-5591"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801240201","display_name":"Rayat Bahra University","ror":"https://ror.org/03564kq40","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801240201"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramandeep Kaur","raw_affiliation_strings":["University School of Pharmacy, Rayat Bahra University, Mohali, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0339-5591","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University School of Pharmacy, Rayat Bahra University, Mohali, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801240201"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084646324"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801240201"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11167","display_name":"Hair Growth and Disorders","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2708","display_name":"Dermatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11167","display_name":"Hair Growth and Disorders","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2708","display_name":"Dermatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11144","display_name":"melanin and skin pigmentation","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11253","display_name":"Nail Diseases and Treatments","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2708","display_name":"Dermatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alopecia-areata","display_name":"alopecia areata","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoimmune-hair-loss","display_name":"autoimmune hair loss","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hair-follicle-immune-privilege","display_name":"hair follicle immune privilege","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferon-gamma","display_name":"interferon-gamma","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-risk-factors","display_name":"environmental risk factors","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topical-corticosteroids","display_name":"topical corticosteroids","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minoxidil","display_name":"minoxidil","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contact-immunotherapy","display_name":"topical immunotherapy","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jak-inhibitors","display_name":"JAK inhibitors","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regenerative-medicine","display_name":"regenerative medicine","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/platelet-rich-plasma","display_name":"platelet-rich plasma","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adipose-derived-stem-cells","display_name":"adipose-derived stem cells","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exosomes","display_name":"exosomes","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microneedles","display_name":"microneedles","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-delivery-systems","display_name":"drug delivery systems","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wnt-beta-catenin-signaling","display_name":"Wnt/\u03b2-catenin signaling","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phosphodiesterase-4-inhibitors","display_name":"phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ripk1","display_name":"RIPK1","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hair-cycle-regulation","display_name":"hair cycle regulation","score":0.33899998664855957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10854531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061415","display_name":"Regenerative medicine","level":3,"score":0.5735999941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777524370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5075435","display_name":"Alopecia areata","level":2,"score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781185574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3404271","display_name":"Immune privilege","level":3,"score":0.4106999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.38960000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.38760000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910016293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574820","display_name":"Antiandrogens","level":5,"score":0.3736000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.3707999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.36329999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778878792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424760","display_name":"Dutasteride","level":4,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779820397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1392806","display_name":"Drug delivery","level":2,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776360568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2697787","display_name":"Hair loss","level":2,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777216303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866324","display_name":"Hair follicle","level":2,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780176905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6673122","display_name":"Thyroid disease","level":3,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20518536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6840469","display_name":"Microvesicles","level":4,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778384578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16930687","display_name":"Therapeutic approach","level":3,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778696486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11835644","display_name":"Thyroiditis","level":3,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198826908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1922379","display_name":"Mesenchymal stem cell","level":2,"score":0.2540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140608501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7318358","display_name":"Review article","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2174/0127722708477380260817101231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0127722708477380260817101231","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0127722708477380260817101231","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210236555","display_name":"Recent Advances in Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery","issn_l":"2772-2708","issn":["2772-2708","2772-2716"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","medline","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320079","host_organization_name":"Bentham Science Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bentham Science Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Recent Advances in Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42706968","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706968","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Recent advances in inflammation & allergy drug discovery","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3193748282","https://openalex.org/W7128167111","https://openalex.org/W4408191154","https://openalex.org/W4366427363","https://openalex.org/W7160693499","https://openalex.org/W7203899124","https://openalex.org/W2052621567","https://openalex.org/W4407021106","https://openalex.org/W4415982863","https://openalex.org/W4413867900"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"INTRODUCTION:":[0],"Alopecia":[1],"areata":[2],"is":[3,9,173,288],"a":[4],"non-scarring":[5],"autoimmune":[6],"disease":[7,133],"that":[8],"usually":[10],"characterized":[11],"by":[12,34],"patchy":[13],"or":[14],"diffuse":[15],"hair":[16,25,232],"loss.":[17],"The":[18,155],"collapse":[19],"of":[20,24,29,47,79,82,110,118,126,147,157,229,261,272,280],"the":[21,45,80,123,148,178,270],"immunological":[22,230],"privilege":[23,121],"follicles":[26],"and":[27,37,49,57,67,88,98,106,116,152,170,191,199,209,218,224,235,241,247,285],"activation":[28],"cytotoxic":[30],"T-cell":[31],"pathways,":[32,180,231],"regulated":[33],"metabolic,":[35],"psychological,":[36],"environmental":[38,84,236],"variables,":[39],"cause":[40],"this":[41,74],"disorder.":[42],"Advances":[43],"in":[44],"fields":[46],"immunology":[48],"regenerative":[50,96,194,242],"medicine":[51],"have":[52,70,211],"identified":[53],"new":[54,99,273],"therapeutic":[55,90,267],"targets":[56],"novel":[58],"approaches.":[59,268],"METHODS:":[60],"Mechanistic":[61],"studies,":[62],"clinical":[63,276],"trials,":[64],"peer-reviewed":[65],"articles,":[66],"epidemiological":[68],"data":[69],"been":[71],"combined":[72],"into":[73,275],"review.":[75],"A":[76],"literature":[77],"review":[78],"pathophysiology":[81],"AA,":[83],"factors,":[85],"traditional":[86],"medicines,":[87],"newer":[89],"approaches,":[91],"including":[92,160],"biologics,":[93],"metabolic":[94,188],"regulators,":[95],"therapies,":[97,159],"drug":[100,222],"delivery":[101,223],"systems,":[102],"was":[103],"comprehensively":[104],"reviewed":[105],"included.":[107],"RESULTS:":[108],"Activation":[109],"CD8\u2077NKG2D\u2077":[111],"T":[112],"cells":[113],"through":[114],"IFN-\u03b3":[115],"breaching":[117],"follicular":[119],"immune":[120],"are":[122],"primary":[124],"drivers":[125],"AA":[127,262],"disease.":[128],"Other":[129],"factors":[130],"contributing":[131],"to":[132],"development":[134],"include":[135],"stress,":[136],"smoking,":[137],"alcohol":[138],"use,":[139],"sleep":[140],"disorders,":[141],"obesity,":[142],"vitamin":[143],"D":[144],"deficiency,":[145],"alterations":[146],"microbiota,":[149],"virus":[150],"infections,":[151],"medication":[153],"exposure.":[154],"efficacy":[156,287],"conventional":[158],"topical":[161,164],"corticosteroids,":[162],"minoxidil,":[163,169],"immunotherapy,":[165],"glucocorticoids,":[166],"cyclosporine,":[167],"oral":[168],"JAK":[171],"inhibitors,":[172],"variable.":[174],"Novel":[175],"treatments":[176],"target":[177],"prostaglandin":[179],"thyroid":[181],"receptors,":[182,186],"Wnt/\u03b2-catenin":[183],"signaling,":[184],"androgen":[185],"LDH-driven":[187],"activation,":[189],"PDE4,":[190],"RIPK1.":[192],"Among":[193],"techniques,":[195,284],"PRP,":[196],"dermal":[197],"papilla":[198],"sheath":[200],"cup":[201],"cells,":[202,205],"adipose-derived":[203],"stem":[204],"stromal":[206],"vascular":[207],"fraction,":[208],"exosomes":[210],"reported":[212],"promising":[213],"initial":[214],"findings.":[215],"Nanoparticles,":[216],"microneedles,":[217],"3D-printed":[219],"scaffolds":[220],"improve":[221],"safety.":[225],"DISCUSSION:":[226],"Complex":[227],"interplays":[228],"cycle":[233],"control,":[234],"modifiers":[237],"influence":[238],"AA.":[239],"Biologics":[240],"techniques":[243],"offer":[244],"more":[245],"targeted":[246],"possibly":[248],"longer-acting":[249],"treatments,":[250],"whereas":[251],"current":[252],"medications":[253],"yield":[254],"only":[255],"partial":[256],"benefits.":[257],"CONCLUSION:":[258],"Future":[259],"management":[260],"will":[263],"require":[264],"personalized,":[265],"mechanism-driven":[266],"For":[269],"incorporation":[271],"drugs":[274],"practice,":[277],"continuous":[278],"study":[279],"long-term":[281],"safety,":[282],"established":[283],"practical":[286],"necessary.":[289]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2026-08-31T00:00:00"}