{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204644127","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218194026500750","title":"Twitter Spam Detection Using Optimized Deep Model","display_name":"Twitter Spam Detection Using Optimized Deep Model","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204644127","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218194026500750"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218194026500750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218194026500750","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218194026500750","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131442419","display_name":"International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering","issn_l":"0218-1940","issn":["0218-1940","1793-6403"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","ccf-c","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7204644127"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044435207","display_name":"T S Reshmi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5569-0884","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5569-0884"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142504963","display_name":"Bannari Amman Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01qkd1z70","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142504963"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. S. Reshmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5569-0884","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142504963"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128404794","display_name":"S. Daniel Madan Raja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3037-3636","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3037-3636"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119668213","display_name":"Karunya University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k23nv15","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119668213"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Daniel Madan Raja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3037-3636","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119668213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148603768","display_name":"M. Karthiga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7112-8218","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7112-8218"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142504963","display_name":"Bannari Amman Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01qkd1z70","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142504963"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Karthiga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7112-8218","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142504963"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/twitter-spam-detection","display_name":"Twitter spam detection","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spam-social-media-posts","display_name":"spam social media","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-convolutional-neural-networks","display_name":"deep convolutional neural networks","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaheuristic-optimization","display_name":"metaheuristic optimization","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"support vector machine","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spammer-detection","display_name":"spammer detection","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-metadata","display_name":"user metadata","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tweet-content-analysis","display_name":"tweet content analysis","score":0.6830000281333923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158955206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83058","display_name":"Spamming","level":3,"score":0.8946999907493591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127735637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2306702","display_name":"Spambot","level":4,"score":0.7871000170707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7462999820709229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.6802999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6787999868392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6632999777793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157310412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140915","display_name":"Forum spam","level":5,"score":0.5918999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5748000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.45159998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4426000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.436599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4727928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164759","display_name":"Social network (sociolinguistics)","level":3,"score":0.41620001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.37689998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148524875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6975395","display_name":"F1 score","level":2,"score":0.37450000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3668999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.36320000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3366999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.25200000405311584}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218194026500750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218194026500750","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218194026500750","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131442419","display_name":"International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering","issn_l":"0218-1940","issn":["0218-1940","1793-6403"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","ccf-c","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2790662215","https://openalex.org/W2812053664","https://openalex.org/W2889083964","https://openalex.org/W2958118075","https://openalex.org/W2966742737","https://openalex.org/W2979258594","https://openalex.org/W2997365663","https://openalex.org/W3032100884","https://openalex.org/W3091827488","https://openalex.org/W3092575238","https://openalex.org/W3163881436","https://openalex.org/W4285231770","https://openalex.org/W4285386825","https://openalex.org/W4309422508","https://openalex.org/W4315778366","https://openalex.org/W4317725765","https://openalex.org/W4319300084","https://openalex.org/W4320016105","https://openalex.org/W4321617063","https://openalex.org/W4361009179","https://openalex.org/W4367368999","https://openalex.org/W4372342929","https://openalex.org/W4378191101","https://openalex.org/W4380685549","https://openalex.org/W4384911909","https://openalex.org/W4386028264"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3203075455","https://openalex.org/W3037316620","https://openalex.org/W7029226314","https://openalex.org/W4399128519","https://openalex.org/W4226281770","https://openalex.org/W2565439473","https://openalex.org/W2900547346","https://openalex.org/W4386266667","https://openalex.org/W4414605411","https://openalex.org/W4320016105"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Social":[0,26,175],"Networking":[1],"(SN)":[2],"sites":[3],"like":[4,42],"Twitter":[5,127,174,204],"help":[6],"people":[7],"to":[8,46,86,110,122,141,155,202,206,236],"keep":[9],"in":[10,34,83],"touch":[11],"with":[12,19,220],"friends,":[13],"extended":[14],"family":[15],"and":[16,72,76,98,114,269,276,288],"stay":[17],"connected":[18],"their":[20],"professional":[21],"networks":[22],"for":[23,172],"career":[24],"opportunities.":[25],"media":[27,135],"spam":[28,95,106,113,116,136,161,240],"attacks":[29],"are":[30,234],"a":[31,39,88,184,211,298],"persistent":[32],"challenge":[33],"today\u2019s":[35],"world.":[36],"It":[37],"requires":[38,137],"multi-faceted":[40],"approach":[41,171,261],"Spam":[43],"Detection":[44],"(SD)":[45],"ensure":[47],"genuine":[48],"users":[49],"can":[50],"engage":[51],"without":[52],"being":[53],"bombarded":[54],"by":[55,164,191,265],"unwanted":[56],"or":[57,68,146],"harmful":[58],"content.":[59,117,148],"Spammers":[60,92],"spread":[61,99],"multiple":[62],"fake":[63],"tweets":[64],"that":[65,293],"include":[66],"links":[67],"hashtags":[69],"on":[70],"websites":[71],"online":[73],"services.":[74],"Businesses":[75],"academics":[77],"have":[78],"created":[79],"spam-free":[80],"SN":[81],"platforms":[82],"several":[84],"ways":[85],"maintain":[87],"positive":[89],"user":[90,270],"experience.":[91],"create":[93],"new":[94,112],"every":[96],"day":[97],"it":[100,119,222],"across":[101],"this":[102,150],"platform.":[103],"The":[104,130,178,214,259,280],"existing":[105,160],"protection":[107,162],"methods":[108],"failed":[109],"identify":[111],"control":[115],"So,":[118],"is":[120,183,218,223,254,286],"crucial":[121],"strengthen":[123,207],"the":[124,152,173,208,228,238,242,263,283,289,294],"performance":[125,209],"of":[126,133,159,210,278,282,300],"SD":[128,139,205],"approaches.":[129],"ongoing":[131],"problem":[132],"social":[134],"strong":[138],"techniques":[140],"protect":[142],"consumers":[143],"from":[144],"undesirable":[145],"dangerous":[147],"In":[149],"paper,":[151],"author":[153],"tries":[154],"address":[156],"these":[157],"shortcomings":[158],"systems":[163],"introducing":[165],"an":[166,198],"improved":[167,190],"Deep":[168,185],"Learning":[169],"(DL)":[170],"Dynamic":[176],"(TSD).":[177],"best":[179],"DL":[180,200,216],"model":[181,217,231,285,296],"developed":[182,197],"Convolutional":[186],"Neural":[187],"Network":[188],"(DCNN)":[189],"Butterfly-Optimizer":[192],"Algorithm":[193],"(BOA).":[194],"This":[195,248],"study":[196],"optimized":[199,215,224,229,249],"method":[201],"classify":[203,237],"deep":[212,230],"model.":[213,258],"constructed":[219],"DCNN,":[221],"using":[225,241],"BOA.":[226],"Then":[227],"training":[232],"data":[233],"used":[235],"twitter":[239],"Support":[243],"Vector":[244],"Machine":[245],"(SVM)":[246],"classifiers.":[247],"DCNN":[250],"trained":[251],"SVM":[252],"classifier":[253],"named":[255],"as":[256,273,303],"DCNNOSVM":[257,260,284,295],"detects":[262],"spammers":[264],"analyzing":[266],"tweet":[267],"content":[268],"meta-data":[271],"such":[272],"account":[274],"age":[275],"number":[277],"followers.":[279],"efficiency":[281],"estimated,":[287],"evaluation":[290],"outcomes":[291],"demonstrated":[292],"attained":[297],"maximum":[299],"99.32%":[301],"accuracy":[302],"classification":[304],"accuracy.":[305]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-08-30T00:00:00"}