{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204642965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosx.2026.100832","title":"Engineered affinity proteins enable sensitive label-free electrochemical detection","display_name":"Engineered affinity proteins enable sensitive label-free electrochemical detection","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204642965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosx.2026.100832"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.biosx.2026.100832","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosx.2026.100832","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosx.2026.100832","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S259013702600097X/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210214496","display_name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics X","issn_l":"2590-1370","issn":["2590-1370"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S259013702600097X/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070441245","display_name":"Walaa Khushaim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8431-1070","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8431-1070"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walaa Khushaim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148610685","display_name":"Khaled Abd El-Rahman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled Abdelazim","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087238390","display_name":"Dousabel M. Y. Tay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0516-9801","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0516-9801"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dousabel M.Y. Tay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051537916","display_name":"George M. Whitesides","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9451-2442","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9451-2442","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1184-6573"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George M. Whitesides","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049698973","display_name":"Hadley D. Sikes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7096-138X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7096-138X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hadley D. Sikes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7096-138X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049698973"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":{"value":2490,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2490},"apc_paid":{"value":2490,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2490},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5501957,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":null,"first_page":"100832","last_page":"100832"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10212","display_name":"Electrochemical sensors and biosensors","score":0.8378999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10212","display_name":"Electrochemical sensors and biosensors","score":0.8378999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10207","display_name":"Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques","score":0.14669999480247498,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12867","display_name":"Advanced Biosensing Techniques and Applications","score":0.004900000058114529,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rapids","display_name":"rapids","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/label-free-electrochemical-detection","display_name":"label-free electrochemical detection","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrochemical-biosensor","display_name":"electrochemical biosensor","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sars-cov-2-nucleocapsid-protein","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19-biomarkers","display_name":"COVID-19 biomarkers","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-bead-immobilization","display_name":"magnetic bead immobilization","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/screen-printed-electrodes","display_name":"screen-printed electrodes","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibody-alternatives","display_name":"antibody alternatives","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detection-sensitivity","display_name":"detection sensitivity","score":0.3619999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.6025999784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7877","display_name":"Electrochemistry","level":3,"score":0.5141000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.46950000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.4189000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89429830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735710","display_name":"Scaffold","level":2,"score":0.4171999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21951064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899212","display_name":"Combinatorial chemistry","level":1,"score":0.4066999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119128265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900165","display_name":"Detection limit","level":2,"score":0.39739999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781197716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864574","display_name":"Biomarker","level":2,"score":0.3953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019566124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85794778","display_name":"Protein detection","level":2,"score":0.3921000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159654299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79460","display_name":"Antibody","level":2,"score":0.388700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179247698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382799","display_name":"Affinity chromatography","level":3,"score":0.3873000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780430158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7685902","display_name":"Target protein","level":3,"score":0.38670000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160756335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q669391","display_name":"Biosensor","level":2,"score":0.3691999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12554922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100","display_name":"Biophysics","level":1,"score":0.35670000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147816474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169525","display_name":"Protein engineering","level":3,"score":0.3400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51639874","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167149","display_name":"Plasma protein binding","level":2,"score":0.32989999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.31540000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11804247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q896177","display_name":"Protein\u2013protein interaction","level":2,"score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53645450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907093","display_name":"Scaffold protein","level":3,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107824862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q616005","display_name":"Binding site","level":2,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779000548","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425941","display_name":"Protein A","level":3,"score":0.2689000070095062}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.biosx.2026.100832","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosx.2026.100832","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosx.2026.100832","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S259013702600097X/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210214496","display_name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics X","issn_l":"2590-1370","issn":["2590-1370"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a3361174b11c4d2caeb52ed989f9d4b1","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a3361174b11c4d2caeb52ed989f9d4b1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X, Vol 32, Iss , Pp 100832- (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.biosx.2026.100832","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosx.2026.100832","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosx.2026.100832","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S259013702600097X/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210214496","display_name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics X","issn_l":"2590-1370","issn":["2590-1370"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5683000087738037,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204642965.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204642965.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1909693425","https://openalex.org/W2047811690","https://openalex.org/W2057104805","https://openalex.org/W2057520802","https://openalex.org/W2072554880","https://openalex.org/W2123000304","https://openalex.org/W2333131948","https://openalex.org/W2467390748","https://openalex.org/W2510025743","https://openalex.org/W2897447366","https://openalex.org/W2989927501","https://openalex.org/W3010575045","https://openalex.org/W3013186573","https://openalex.org/W3015988827","https://openalex.org/W3021161367","https://openalex.org/W3029179736","https://openalex.org/W3038720126","https://openalex.org/W3092685603","https://openalex.org/W3118748928","https://openalex.org/W3133898350","https://openalex.org/W3162268601","https://openalex.org/W4213347565","https://openalex.org/W4225562145","https://openalex.org/W4285178670","https://openalex.org/W4295591987","https://openalex.org/W4319442792","https://openalex.org/W4389183324","https://openalex.org/W4390880595","https://openalex.org/W4395037413","https://openalex.org/W4398214132","https://openalex.org/W4403784265"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386003664","https://openalex.org/W7169224187","https://openalex.org/W7155364184","https://openalex.org/W4398281040","https://openalex.org/W4385879899","https://openalex.org/W4309835688","https://openalex.org/W4206760035","https://openalex.org/W4403469678","https://openalex.org/W4296935074","https://openalex.org/W4412026690"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"The":[1,116],"increasing":[2],"need":[3],"for":[4,10,55,73,114],"sensitive":[5],"and":[6,21,150],"rapid":[7],"diagnostic":[8,148],"tests":[9],"disease":[11],"biomarkers":[12],"has":[13],"become":[14],"a":[15,71,99,111,126],"critical":[16],"focus":[17],"in":[18,50,103,146,159],"medical":[19],"research":[20,60],"development.":[22],"This":[23],"study":[24],"evaluates":[25],"the":[26,33,40,63,81,105,122,136,152],"efficacy":[27],"of":[28,129,154],"an":[29,143],"engineered":[30,91],"affinity":[31,82,92,144],"protein,":[32,124],"hyperthermostable":[34],"binding":[35,64],"scaffold":[36,65],"rcSso7d,":[37],"produced":[38],"using":[39,76],"Rapid":[41],"Affinity":[42],"Pair":[43],"Identification":[44],"via":[45],"Directed":[46],"Selection":[47],"(RAPIDS)":[48],"method,":[49],"comparison":[51],"to":[52,79,98],"traditional":[53,101],"antibodies":[54],"label-free":[56],"electrochemical":[57,74,118,147,160],"detection.":[58],"Our":[59],"establishes":[61],"that":[62,89,135],"rcSso7d":[66,123,137],"can":[67],"be":[68],"used":[69],"as":[70,142],"bioreceptor":[72],"detection,":[75],"magnetic":[77],"beads":[78],"immobilize":[80],"protein":[83,93,108,138],"on":[84,121],"screen-printed":[85],"electrodes.":[86],"We":[87],"demonstrate":[88],"this":[90],"exhibits":[94],"superior":[95],"sensitivity":[96],"compared":[97],"high-quality":[100],"antibody":[102],"detecting":[104],"SARS-CoV-2":[106],"nucleocapsid":[107],"(N-protein,":[109],"NP),":[110],"key":[112],"biomarker":[113],"COVID-19.":[115],"developed":[117],"sensor,":[119],"based":[120],"achieves":[125],"detection":[127],"limit":[128],"10":[130],"pg/mL.":[131],"These":[132],"findings":[133],"suggest":[134],"holds":[139],"significant":[140],"potential":[141],"agent":[145],"assays":[149],"highlights":[151],"importance":[153],"exploring":[155],"alternative":[156],"molecular":[157],"scaffolds":[158],"biosensing.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-25T08:18:29.962427","created_date":"2026-08-30T00:00:00"}