{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204625976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15627/jd.2026.27","title":"When Identical Canopies Fail: Orientation-Dependent Performance of Incremental Architectural Shading at Immersed Tunnel Portals in a Hot-Arid Climate","display_name":"When Identical Canopies Fail: Orientation-Dependent Performance of Incremental Architectural Shading at Immersed Tunnel Portals in a Hot-Arid Climate","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204625976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15627/jd.2026.27"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.15627/jd.2026.27","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15627/jd.2026.27","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15627/jd.2026.27","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738682877","display_name":"Journal of Daylighting","issn_l":"2383-8701","issn":["2383-8701"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319412","host_organization_name":"SolarLits","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319412"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SolarLits"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Daylighting","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.15627/jd.2026.27","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043088056","display_name":"Zuhair Nasar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8939-4883","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8939-4883"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47229656","display_name":"University of Kufa","ror":"https://ror.org/02dwrdh81","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47229656"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zuhair A. Nasar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Urban Planning, Kufa University, Najaf, 54001, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Urban Planning, Kufa University, Najaf, 54001, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47229656"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094150771","display_name":"Intisar A. Alhilo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47229656","display_name":"University of Kufa","ror":"https://ror.org/02dwrdh81","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47229656"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Intisar A. Alhilo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Architecture, Kufa University, Najaf, 54001, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Architecture, Kufa University, Najaf, 54001, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47229656"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027378442","display_name":"Sabeeh Lafta Farhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4460-1268","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4460-1268"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39498419","display_name":"University of Wasit","ror":"https://ror.org/02ee2t316","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39498419"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392021143","display_name":"University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ase0085","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4392021143"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sabeeh Lafta Farhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Architecture, Wasit University, Kut, 52001, Iraq; College of Engineering & University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, 56001, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Architecture, Wasit University, Kut, 52001, Iraq; College of Engineering & University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, 56001, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39498419","https://openalex.org/I4392021143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148613711","display_name":"Tabarak Talal Salman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tabarak Talal Salman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Architect, ZAN Engineering Consultancy, Najaf, 54001, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Architect, ZAN Engineering Consultancy, Najaf, 54001, Iraq","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049819677","display_name":"Layth Kraidi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2262-2009","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2262-2009"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Layth Kraidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Built Environment, Faculty of Health, Innovation, Science and Technology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Built Environment, Faculty of Health, Innovation, Science and Technology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5094150771"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47229656"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53955725,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"2","first_page":"491","last_page":"506"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9307000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9307000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13298","display_name":"Solar Energy Systems and Technologies","score":0.016699999570846558,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11317","display_name":"Fire dynamics and safety research","score":0.00559999980032444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tunnel-portal","display_name":"tunnel portal","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/veiling-luminance","display_name":"veiling luminance","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glare","display_name":"glare","score":0.45899999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-comfort","display_name":"visual comfort","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hot-dry-climate","display_name":"hot arid climate","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coastal-climate","display_name":"coastal climate","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/daylight-simulation","display_name":"daylighting simulation","score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/passive-shading","display_name":"passive shading","score":0.5},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basra","display_name":"Basra","score":0.5839999914169312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177515723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1191981","display_name":"Shading","level":2,"score":0.9332000017166138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194130854","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1529438","display_name":"GLARE","level":3,"score":0.8888999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149277555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16491","display_name":"Daylight","level":2,"score":0.8305000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.501800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4404999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150772632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330709","display_name":"Arid","level":2,"score":0.3986999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.34619998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994001127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267474","display_name":"Climate zones","level":2,"score":0.335999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777551076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842332","display_name":"Front (military)","level":2,"score":0.2904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4924752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184148","display_name":"Plug-in","level":2,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.26030001044273376}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.15627/jd.2026.27","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15627/jd.2026.27","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15627/jd.2026.27","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738682877","display_name":"Journal of Daylighting","issn_l":"2383-8701","issn":["2383-8701"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319412","host_organization_name":"SolarLits","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319412"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SolarLits"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Daylighting","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:302c555d27e84dcfb2359a104864a17a","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/302c555d27e84dcfb2359a104864a17a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Daylighting, Vol 13, Iss 2, Pp 491-506 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk:29355","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2262-2009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401246","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","host_organization_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.15627/jd.2026.27","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15627/jd.2026.27","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15627/jd.2026.27","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738682877","display_name":"Journal of Daylighting","issn_l":"2383-8701","issn":["2383-8701"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319412","host_organization_name":"SolarLits","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319412"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SolarLits"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Daylighting","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.875,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2527977518","https://openalex.org/W2360774734","https://openalex.org/W4410705197","https://openalex.org/W2894595210","https://openalex.org/W4385623777","https://openalex.org/W4417532481","https://openalex.org/W1027570923","https://openalex.org/W4307729130","https://openalex.org/W4226190432","https://openalex.org/W4320725615"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Global":[0],"regulations":[1],"for":[2,42,67,84,260],"tunnels,":[3],"especially":[4],"concerning":[5],"tunnel":[6],"entrance":[7],"shading":[8,73,129,240],"and":[9,23,40,60,78,98,112,257],"illumination,":[10],"conceptualize":[11],"them":[12],"in":[13,48,90,134,141,211],"terms":[14],"of":[15,18,36,88,106,268],"universal":[16],"abstractions":[17],"engineering,":[19],"divorced":[20],"from":[21,187],"geographical":[22],"geological":[24],"features.":[25],"This":[26],"research":[27,55],"addresses":[28],"this":[29],"overgeneralized":[30],"approach":[31],"by":[32,124,226,238],"examining":[33],"the":[34,64,104,135,142,149,157,170],"efficacy":[35,120,223],"architectures\u2019":[37],"structural":[38,180,221],"increments":[39],"arrangements":[41,74],"offering":[43],"shade":[44,119],"to":[45,69,190,244,251],"these":[46],"portals":[47,87,267],"a":[49,131,145],"coastal,":[50,264],"hot,":[51,265],"arid":[52,266],"climate.":[53],"The":[54],"methodology":[56],"employed":[57],"Radiance-based":[58],"daylight":[59],"glare":[61,108,114,175,209,258],"simulations":[62],"via":[63],"Honeybee":[65],"plugin":[66],"Grasshopper/Rhinoceros3D,":[68],"evaluate":[70],"four":[71],"incremental":[72],"during":[75],"critical":[76],"seasonal":[77],"temporal":[79],"conditions.":[80],"These":[81],"were":[82],"applied":[83],"two":[85],"immersed":[86],"tunnels":[89],"Basra":[91],"(Iraq),":[92],"specifically":[93],"at":[94],"Umm":[95],"Qasr":[96],"(W-SW)":[97],"Faw":[99],"(E-NE).":[100],"Simulation":[101],"analysis":[102],"employing":[103],"indices":[105],"physiological":[107],"(\u201cveiling":[109],"luminance\u201d,":[110],"Lveil)":[111],"psychological":[113,174,208],"(UGR,":[115],"VCP)":[116],"evinced":[117],"that":[118,220],"is":[121,224],"significantly":[122],"impacted":[123],"orientation.":[125],"An":[126],"Lveil-compliant":[127],"architectural":[128,239],"achieved":[130],"96%":[132],"reduction":[133],"east":[136],"portal\u2019s":[137],"Lveil,":[138,186],"but":[139],"differed":[140],"west,":[143],"revealing":[144],"hitherto":[146],"unknown":[147],"compromise,":[148],"\u201clatent":[150],"Lveil\u2013comfort":[151],"dissociation.\u201d":[152],"Overhanging":[153],"canopies":[154],"structurally":[155],"inhibit":[156],"veiling":[158],"luminance,":[159],"yet":[160,206],"legacy":[161],"bright":[162],"spots":[163],"are":[164],"thrown":[165],"into":[166],"higher":[167],"relief":[168],"against":[169],"darkened":[171],"background,":[172],"incurring":[173],"despite":[176],"enhanced":[177],"safety.":[178],"Passive":[179],"solutions":[181],"thus":[182,246],"minimize":[183],"extreme":[184],"baseline":[185],"445.4":[188],"cd/m\u00b2":[189,193],"<":[191],"80":[192],"(the":[194],"PIARC":[195],"limit)":[196],"under":[197],"Option":[198,201],"D,":[199],"while":[200],"C":[202],"exhibited":[203],"partial":[204],"compliance,":[205],"egregious":[207],"continued":[210],"both":[212],"options":[213],"with":[214],"intense":[215],"solar":[216],"radiation.":[217],"Outcomes":[218],"indicate":[219],"canopies\u2019":[222],"hampered":[225],"low-angle":[227],"sunlight.":[228],"In":[229],"certain":[230],"microclimates,":[231],"visual":[232],"comfort":[233],"drawbacks":[234],"may":[235],"be":[236,249],"ignored":[237],"specifications":[241],"not":[242],"calibrated":[243],"orientation,":[245],"guidelines":[247],"should":[248],"developed":[250],"accommodate":[252],"structures\u2019":[253],"geometric,":[254],"reflectance,":[255],"hydrological,":[256],"performance":[259],"particular":[261],"applications,":[262],"including":[263],"tunnels.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-27T15:51:10.671819","created_date":"2026-08-30T00:00:00"}
