{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204606474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.71281/jals.v4i8.747","title":"Exploring the Relationship Between English Digraphs and Trigraphs and Pronunciation Difficulties among Pakistani Learners","display_name":"Exploring the Relationship Between English Digraphs and Trigraphs and Pronunciation Difficulties among Pakistani Learners","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204606474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.71281/jals.v4i8.747"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.71281/jals.v4i8.747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.71281/jals.v4i8.747","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.71281/jals.v4i8.747","pdf_url":"http://jals.miard.org/index.php/jals/article/download/747/626","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407037904","display_name":"Journal of Arts and Linguistics Studies","issn_l":"2959-0957","issn":["2959-0957","2959-0965"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Arts and Linguistics Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"http://jals.miard.org/index.php/jals/article/download/747/626","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148508163","display_name":"Mehrab Malik","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116806","display_name":"Ghazi University","ror":"https://ror.org/023a7t361","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116806"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehrab Malik","raw_affiliation_strings":["BS English Linguistics and literature, Ghazi University Dera Ghazi Khan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BS English Linguistics and literature, Ghazi University Dera Ghazi Khan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116806"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027551807","display_name":"Iftikhar Alam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8087-5485","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8087-5485"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112276","display_name":"Northern University","ror":"https://ror.org/02at53m79","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112276"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iftikhar Alam","raw_affiliation_strings":["PhD in English (Applied Linguistics), Head of the English Department, Northern University, Nowshera"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PhD in English (Applied Linguistics), Head of the English Department, Northern University, Nowshera","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112276"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117325701","display_name":"Md. Shahjalal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4876-6860","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4876-6860"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Shahjalal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assistant Teacher, Mozaffar Ali High School and College, Meghna, Cumilla, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistant Teacher, Mozaffar Ali High School and College, Meghna, Cumilla, Bangladesh","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"8","first_page":"275","last_page":"307"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.6547999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.6547999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.28760001063346863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.03610000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pronunciation-problems","display_name":"pronunciation difficulties","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pronunciation-accuracy","display_name":"pronunciation accuracy","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grapheme-phoneme-correspondence","display_name":"grapheme-phoneme correspondence","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-as-a-foreign-language","display_name":"English as a foreign language","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pakistani-learners","display_name":"Pakistani learners","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phonics-instruction","display_name":"phonics instruction","score":0.718999981880188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780844864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184377","display_name":"Pronunciation","level":2,"score":0.9405999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777801307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088390","display_name":"Spelling","level":2,"score":0.6675000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6338000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.5522000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.4535999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987496018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1860","display_name":"English language","level":2,"score":0.43549999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.42730000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105776082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q617473","display_name":"Likert scale","level":2,"score":0.40059998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3935000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.3598000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70388272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5968558","display_name":"IBM","level":2,"score":0.32510000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.32420000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018469783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130192","display_name":"English as a second language","level":2,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48921125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030","display_name":"Linear regression","level":2,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96455323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955","display_name":"Arabic","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137584468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35395","display_name":"Phonetics","level":2,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142546437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2661195","display_name":"Descriptive research","level":2,"score":0.2689000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986378755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130192","display_name":"English as a foreign language","level":2,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778883600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2390977","display_name":"Language proficiency","level":2,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2628999948501587}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.71281/jals.v4i8.747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.71281/jals.v4i8.747","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.71281/jals.v4i8.747","pdf_url":"http://jals.miard.org/index.php/jals/article/download/747/626","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407037904","display_name":"Journal of Arts and Linguistics Studies","issn_l":"2959-0957","issn":["2959-0957","2959-0965"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Arts and Linguistics Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.71281/jals.v4i8.747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.71281/jals.v4i8.747","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.71281/jals.v4i8.747","pdf_url":"http://jals.miard.org/index.php/jals/article/download/747/626","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407037904","display_name":"Journal of Arts and Linguistics Studies","issn_l":"2959-0957","issn":["2959-0957","2959-0965"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Arts and Linguistics Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9235000014305115,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204606474.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204606474.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2485523065","https://openalex.org/W2486058303","https://openalex.org/W4389320385"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4408671747","https://openalex.org/W4390951799","https://openalex.org/W7110513000","https://openalex.org/W7221202240","https://openalex.org/W7213331244","https://openalex.org/W3177321099","https://openalex.org/W2290483063","https://openalex.org/W7218166772","https://openalex.org/W4410523478","https://openalex.org/W7222378860"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,45,118,167,222,238,256],"English":[1,11,23,33,67,70,102,202,230,245,262,283],"pronunciation":[2,38,98,177,207,220,236,251],"remains":[3],"one":[4],"of":[5,10,18,43,101,201,229,276],"the":[6,19,30,142,164,274],"most":[7],"challenging":[8],"aspects":[9],"language":[12,263,284],"learning":[13],"for":[14,261],"Pakistani":[15,41,171],"learners":[16,42,172],"because":[17],"irregular":[20,181],"relationship":[21,31,195,213],"between":[22,32,198,216],"spelling":[24],"and":[25,35,37,68,75,85,107,109,135,152,161,183,190,204,206,219,232,253,267,278],"pronunciation.":[26],"This":[27],"study":[28,46,165,239],"investigated":[29],"digraphs":[34,106,182,203,231],"trigraphs":[36,108,184,205,233],"difficulties":[39],"among":[40,163],"English.":[44],"employed":[47,157],"a":[48,54,96,110,114,210],"quantitative":[49],"correlational":[50],"research":[51,92],"design":[52],"within":[53],"positivist":[55],"paradigm.":[56],"Data":[57,80],"were":[58,81,94,121,138,156],"collected":[59,82,119],"from":[60],"200":[61],"undergraduate":[62],"students":[63],"enrolled":[64],"in":[65,78,244,270],"BS":[66,69],"Linguistics":[71],"programs":[72],"at":[73],"public":[74],"private":[76],"universities":[77],"Pakistan.":[79],"through":[83],"WhatsApp":[84],"Facebook":[86],"groups,":[87],"using":[88,113,123],"Google":[89],"Forms.":[90],"Two":[91],"instruments":[93],"used:":[95],"researcher-developed":[97],"test":[99],"consisting":[100],"words":[103],"containing":[104],"common":[105],"structured":[111],"questionnaire":[112],"five-point":[115],"Likert":[116],"scale.":[117],"data":[120],"analyzed":[122],"IBM":[124],"SPSS":[125],"Statistics":[126],"(Version":[127],"29).":[128],"Descriptive":[129],"statistics,":[130],"including":[131],"frequencies,":[132],"percentages,":[133],"means,":[134],"standard":[136],"deviations,":[137],"used":[139],"to":[140,158,175],"summarize":[141],"data,":[143],"while":[144],"Pearson":[145],"Product-Moment":[146],"Correlation,":[147],"independent-samples":[148],"t-test,":[149],"one-way":[150],"ANOVA,":[151],"multiple":[153],"linear":[154],"regression":[155,223],"examine":[159],"relationships":[160],"differences":[162],"variables.":[166],"findings":[168,257],"indicated":[169],"that":[170,227,241],"experienced":[173],"moderate":[174],"high":[176],"difficulties,":[178],"particularly":[179],"with":[180],"such":[185],"as":[186],"th,":[187],"igh,":[188],"ear,":[189],"dge.":[191],"A":[192],"significant":[193,211],"positive":[194],"was":[196,214],"found":[197],"learners\u2019":[199,250],"knowledge":[200,218,228],"accuracy,":[208],"whereas":[209],"negative":[212],"observed":[215],"graphemic":[217],"difficulties.":[221],"analysis":[224],"further":[225],"demonstrated":[226],"significantly":[234],"predicted":[235],"accuracy.":[237],"concludes":[240],"explicit":[242],"instruction":[243],"grapheme-phoneme":[246],"correspondence":[247],"can":[248],"improve":[249],"accuracy":[252],"communicative":[254],"competence.":[255],"have":[258],"important":[259],"implications":[260],"teachers,":[264],"curriculum":[265],"developers,":[266],"teacher":[268],"educators":[269],"Pakistan":[271],"by":[272],"emphasizing":[273],"integration":[275],"pronunciation-focused":[277],"phonics-based":[279],"instructional":[280],"strategies":[281],"into":[282],"classrooms.":[285]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-08-29T00:00:00"}