{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204603389","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2026.1872735","title":"Risk stratification in intermediate asymptomatic carotid artery disease: a multi-modal approach combining local flow dynamics and systemic clinical profiles","display_name":"Risk stratification in intermediate asymptomatic carotid artery disease: a multi-modal approach combining local flow dynamics and systemic clinical profiles","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204603389","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2026.1872735","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42729260","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13562003"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fsurg.2026.1872735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2026.1872735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2026.1872735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595365928","display_name":"Frontiers in Surgery","issn_l":"2296-875X","issn":["2296-875X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Surgery","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2026.1872735","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060566170","display_name":"Panagiotis K. Siogkas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0343-0984","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0343-0984"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194019607","display_name":"University of Ioannina","ror":"https://ror.org/01qg3j183","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194019607"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Panagiotis Siogkas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194019607"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059959470","display_name":"Dimitrios S. Pleouras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8000-8218","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8000-8218"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194019607","display_name":"University of Ioannina","ror":"https://ror.org/01qg3j183","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194019607"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dimitrios Pleouras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194019607"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071147257","display_name":"Vassiliki T. Potsika","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2963-2116","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2963-2116"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194019607","display_name":"University of Ioannina","ror":"https://ror.org/01qg3j183","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194019607"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vassiliki Potsika","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194019607"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009035288","display_name":"Vassilis Tsakanikas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2868-1720","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2868-1720"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194019607","display_name":"University of Ioannina","ror":"https://ror.org/01qg3j183","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194019607"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vassilis Tsakanikas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194019607"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086274688","display_name":"Fragkiska Sigala","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fragkiska Sigala","raw_affiliation_strings":["First Propedeutic Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Propedeutic Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032978574","display_name":"George C. Galyfos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6077-007X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6077-007X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Galyfos","raw_affiliation_strings":["First Propedeutic Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Propedeutic Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090155650","display_name":"George Charalampopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9287-7947","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9287-7947","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0394-0183"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Charalampopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["First Propedeutic Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Propedeutic Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027492092","display_name":"Igor B. KONCAR","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4873-2775","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4873-2775"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4068193","display_name":"University of Belgrade","ror":"https://ror.org/02qsmb048","country_code":"RS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4068193"]}],"countries":["RS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Igor Koncar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4068193"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057894101","display_name":"Dimitrios I. Fotiadis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5987-9350","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5987-9350"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194019607","display_name":"University of Ioannina","ror":"https://ror.org/01qg3j183","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194019607"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dimitrios I. Fotiadis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194019607"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060566170"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194019607"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63991624,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"1872735","last_page":"1872735"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10816","display_name":"Cerebrovascular and Carotid Artery Diseases","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10816","display_name":"Cerebrovascular and Carotid Artery Diseases","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10227","display_name":"Acute Ischemic Stroke Management","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carotid-stenosis","display_name":"carotid artery stenosis","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asymptomatic-carotid-artery-disease","display_name":"asymptomatic carotid artery disease","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-stratification","display_name":"risk stratification","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-fluid-dynamics","display_name":"computational fluid dynamics","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hemodynamics","display_name":"hemodynamics","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wall-shear-stress","display_name":"wall shear stress","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oscillatory-shear-index","display_name":"oscillatory shear index","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relative-residence-time","display_name":"relative residence time","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow-perturbation","display_name":"flow disturbance","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning-prediction-models","display_name":"machine learning prediction models","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ischemic-stroke-prevention","display_name":"ischemic stroke prevention","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodal-data-integration","display_name":"multimodal data integration","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xgboost","display_name":"XGBoost","score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"random forest","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optuna","display_name":"Optuna","score":0.5920000076293945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8621000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777910003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1707292","display_name":"Asymptomatic","level":2,"score":0.7728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780007028","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2343082","display_name":"Stenosis","level":2,"score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.5985999703407288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.5753999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178853913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1642137","display_name":"Hemodynamics","level":2,"score":0.5493999719619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.4683000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781068581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5045544","display_name":"Carotid endarterectomy","level":3,"score":0.4595000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779745121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81476","display_name":"Endarterectomy","level":3,"score":0.42669999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778333808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515848","display_name":"Internal carotid artery","level":2,"score":0.41519999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.3815999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82789193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142611","display_name":"Relative risk","level":3,"score":0.3752000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35405484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4967066","display_name":"Brier score","level":2,"score":0.34790000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.3319000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198433322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3910099","display_name":"Predictive value of tests","level":2,"score":0.30320000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776184368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576205","display_name":"Carotid artery disease","level":4,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11783203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5478027","display_name":"Framingham Risk Score","level":3,"score":0.2987000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987047532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214275","display_name":"Carotid arteries","level":2,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30036603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17125150","display_name":"Severity of illness","level":2,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.29580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.29490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020404979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk stratification","level":2,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.2547999918460846}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fsurg.2026.1872735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2026.1872735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2026.1872735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595365928","display_name":"Frontiers in Surgery","issn_l":"2296-875X","issn":["2296-875X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Surgery","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13562003","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13562003/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13562003/pdf/fsurg-13-1872735.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Surg","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42729260","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42729260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in surgery","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:31a3c207832945eb99831247b0ab809b","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/31a3c207832945eb99831247b0ab809b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Surgery, Vol 13 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fsurg.2026.1872735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2026.1872735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2026.1872735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595365928","display_name":"Frontiers in Surgery","issn_l":"2296-875X","issn":["2296-875X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Surgery","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4707288146018982,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.46761301159858704,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G276526394","display_name":"A multidisciplinary approach for the stratification of patients with carotid artery disease","funder_award_id":"755320","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976437015","https://openalex.org/W1977577415","https://openalex.org/W1988117626","https://openalex.org/W1999661608","https://openalex.org/W2040964797","https://openalex.org/W2065591461","https://openalex.org/W2068616070","https://openalex.org/W2099868609","https://openalex.org/W2132104103","https://openalex.org/W2157267413","https://openalex.org/W2169352170","https://openalex.org/W2172897761","https://openalex.org/W2177870565","https://openalex.org/W2338864458","https://openalex.org/W2509730946","https://openalex.org/W2745403241","https://openalex.org/W2785071288","https://openalex.org/W2998414730","https://openalex.org/W3009021115","https://openalex.org/W3082364247","https://openalex.org/W3087528805","https://openalex.org/W3129978754","https://openalex.org/W3205785651","https://openalex.org/W3212353853","https://openalex.org/W4210380552","https://openalex.org/W4221027537","https://openalex.org/W4224265190","https://openalex.org/W4225927996","https://openalex.org/W4280505765","https://openalex.org/W4315432687","https://openalex.org/W4323348159","https://openalex.org/W4362585006","https://openalex.org/W4367609194","https://openalex.org/W4377138132","https://openalex.org/W4377987573","https://openalex.org/W4386712278","https://openalex.org/W4387188008","https://openalex.org/W4392096017","https://openalex.org/W4396576465","https://openalex.org/W4399767477","https://openalex.org/W4402729789","https://openalex.org/W4407029671","https://openalex.org/W4407221228","https://openalex.org/W4407343070","https://openalex.org/W4409049172","https://openalex.org/W4411253291","https://openalex.org/W4412513137","https://openalex.org/W4413894603"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4295498948","https://openalex.org/W4378674438","https://openalex.org/W4417132360","https://openalex.org/W4389537760","https://openalex.org/W3035993984","https://openalex.org/W4411246377","https://openalex.org/W2022798118","https://openalex.org/W7212157291","https://openalex.org/W2138046810","https://openalex.org/W4400178116"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background/objectives:":[0],"Carotid":[1],"artery":[2],"stenosis":[3,25,55,170,210,229,299],"is":[4,245,307],"a":[5,47,94,328],"leading":[6],"cause":[7],"of":[8,15,73,222,258,324],"ischemic":[9],"stroke,":[10],"yet":[11],"accurate":[12],"patient-specific":[13,59,288],"prediction":[14],"its":[16],"progression":[17,56,90],"remains":[18],"an":[19],"unresolved":[20],"clinical":[21,66,112,174,188,216,231,294,329],"challenge.":[22],"Neither":[23],"baseline":[24,169],"severity":[26],"nor":[27],"conventional":[28],"cardiovascular":[29],"risk":[30,113,175,217,313],"factors":[31,114,176,218],"can":[32],"reliably":[33],"identify":[34],"which":[35,223],"asymptomatic":[36,79,317],"patients":[37,80],"will":[38],"progress.":[39],"This":[40],"study":[41],"aimed":[42],"to":[43,236,309],"develop":[44],"and":[45,67,115,133,158,173,213,278,320],"validate":[46],"machine":[48],"learning":[49],"(ML)":[50],"framework":[51],"for":[52,209,215,296],"predicting":[53,297],"carotid":[54,75,298,318],"by":[57,272],"integrating":[58,287],"computational":[60],"fluid":[61],"dynamics":[62],"(CFD)":[63],"features":[64,108,290],"with":[65],"imaging":[68],"data.":[69],"Methods:":[70],"A":[71,282],"dataset":[72],"146":[74],"arteries":[76],"from":[77,111],"129":[78],"enrolled":[81],"in":[82,316,332],"the":[83,99,190,246,255,265,273,322],"multi-center":[84],"TAXINOMISIS":[85],"project":[86],"was":[87,91,162],"used.":[88],"Stenosis":[89],"defined":[92],"as":[93,264,327],">":[95],"10%":[96],"increase":[97],"at":[98],"latest":[100],"available":[101],"follow-up":[102],"assessment":[103],"(56/146":[104],"arteries,":[105],"38.4%).":[106],"Twenty-two":[107],"were":[109,139],"derived":[110],"CFD-based":[116],"hemodynamic":[117,243,305],"metrics":[118],"including":[119],"time-averaged":[120],"wall":[121],"shear":[122,126],"stress":[123],"(TAWSS),":[124],"oscillatory":[125],"index":[127],"(OSI),":[128],"relative":[129],"residence":[130],"time":[131],"(RRT),":[132],"disturbed":[134,274],"flow":[135,275],"indices.":[136],"ML":[137,285,326],"classifiers":[138],"trained":[140],"using":[141],"patient-level":[142,150],"GroupShuffleSplit,":[143],"Optuna":[144],"Bayesian":[145],"hyperparameter":[146],"optimization":[147],"(200":[148],"trials),":[149],"5-fold":[151],"GroupKFold":[152],"cross-validation,":[153],"1,000-iteration":[154],"bootstrap":[155],"confidence":[156],"intervals,":[157],"calibration":[159],"analysis.":[160],"Performance":[161],"benchmarked":[163],"against":[164],"two":[165],"clinically":[166],"motivated":[167],"baselines:":[168],"grade":[171,211],"alone":[172,212,219],"alone.":[177],"Results:":[178],"The":[179,227],"proposed":[180],"pipeline":[181,286],"achieves":[182],"substantially":[183,291],"better":[184],"discrimination":[185],"than":[186],"either":[187,239],"baseline:":[189],"best-performing":[191],"model":[192,232],"(RF":[193],"+":[194,230],"XGBoost":[195],"Ensemble,":[196],"Optuna-tuned)":[197],"reached":[198],"AUC=0.814":[199],"(95%":[200],"CI:":[201],"0.702-0.917;":[202],"Sensitivity=0.609;":[203],"Specificity=0.828;":[204],"Brier":[205],"score=0.184),":[206],"versus":[207],"AUC=0.552":[208],"AUC=0.459":[214],"-":[220],"neither":[221],"provides":[224],"meaningful":[225],"discrimination.":[226],"combined":[228],"(AUC=0.388)":[233],"also":[234],"failed":[235],"improve":[237],"upon":[238],"comparator,":[240],"confirming":[241],"that":[242,304],"information":[244],"necessary":[247,308],"added":[248],"value.":[249],"Feature":[250],"contribution":[251],"analysis":[252],"consistently":[253],"identified":[254],"normalized":[256],"area":[257,276],"low":[259],"TAWSS":[260,262],"(Low":[261],"%)":[263],"dominant":[266],"predictor":[267],"across":[268],"all":[269,293],"classifiers,":[270],"followed":[271],"(LOHA)":[277],"vessel-average":[279],"OSI.":[280],"Conclusions:":[281],"multimodal,":[283],"physics-informed":[284],"CFD":[289],"outperforms":[292],"benchmarks":[295],"progression.":[300],"These":[301],"findings":[302],"demonstrate":[303],"phenotyping":[306],"advance":[310],"beyond":[311],"current":[312],"stratification":[314],"approaches":[315],"disease":[319],"support":[321],"development":[323],"CFD-integrated":[325],"decision-support":[330],"tool":[331],"vascular":[333],"surgery.":[334]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2026-08-29T00:00:00"}