{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204602707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/life16091438","title":"Recent Advances in Ultrasound-Guided Hydrodissection and Dextrose Prolotherapy for Musculoskeletal Pain: A Target-Based State-of-the-Art Narrative Review","display_name":"Recent Advances in Ultrasound-Guided Hydrodissection and Dextrose Prolotherapy for Musculoskeletal Pain: A Target-Based State-of-the-Art Narrative Review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204602707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/life16091438","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42795303","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13608313"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/life16091438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/life16091438","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/life16091438","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200765","display_name":"Life","issn_l":"2075-1729","issn":["2075-1729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7204602707"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/life16091438","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046151555","display_name":"Yonghyun Yoon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8746-3718","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8746-3718"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146824383","display_name":"Hallym University","ror":"https://ror.org/03sbhge02","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146824383"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094082","display_name":"Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00njt2653","country_code":"KR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094082","https://openalex.org/I4210167048"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yonghyun Yoon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Singil-ro, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07441, Republic of Korea","Incheon Terminal Orthopedic Surgery Clinic, Inha-ro 489beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon 21574, Republic of Korea","International Academy of Regenerative Medicine, Inha-ro 489beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon 21574, Republic of Korea","The Board of Clinical Research, The International Association of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8746-3718","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Singil-ro, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07441, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146824383","https://openalex.org/I4210094082"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Incheon Terminal Orthopedic Surgery Clinic, Inha-ro 489beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon 21574, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Academy of Regenerative Medicine, Inha-ro 489beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon 21574, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Board of Clinical Research, The International Association of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125425739","display_name":"Rowook Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4593-1397","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4593-1397"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rowook Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sae Yonsei Rehabilitation Clinic, Seoul 03186, Republic of Korea","International Academy of Regenerative Medicine, Inha-ro 489beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon 21574, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4593-1397","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sae Yonsei Rehabilitation Clinic, Seoul 03186, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Academy of Regenerative Medicine, Inha-ro 489beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon 21574, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125427380","display_name":"Jaehyun Shim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0133-6419","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0133-6419"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaehyun Shim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Chungdammadi Neurosurgery Clinic, Seoul 03186, Republic of Korea","International Academy of Regenerative Medicine, Inha-ro 489beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon 21574, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Chungdammadi Neurosurgery Clinic, Seoul 03186, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Academy of Regenerative Medicine, Inha-ro 489beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon 21574, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077275633","display_name":"S. I. Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0597-7414","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0597-7414"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seungbeom Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Academy of Regenerative Medicine, Inha-ro 489beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon 21574, Republic of Korea","Miso Pain Clinic, 1569, Bongyeong-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16703, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Academy of Regenerative Medicine, Inha-ro 489beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon 21574, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Miso Pain Clinic, 1569, Bongyeong-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16703, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125425710","display_name":"Jonghyeok Lee","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonghyeok Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bareun Neurosurgery Clinic, 39, Daenong-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si 28402, Republic of Korea","International Academy of Regenerative Medicine, Inha-ro 489beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon 21574, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bareun Neurosurgery Clinic, 39, Daenong-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si 28402, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Academy of Regenerative Medicine, Inha-ro 489beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon 21574, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044302100","display_name":"Liza Smigel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liza Maniquis-Smigel","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Academy of Regenerative Medicine, Inha-ro 489beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon 21574, Republic of Korea","Private Practice PM&R and Pain Management, Hilo, HI 96720, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Academy of Regenerative Medicine, Inha-ro 489beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon 21574, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Private Practice PM&R and Pain Management, Hilo, HI 96720, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076244257","display_name":"King Hei Stanley Lam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1392-829X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1392-829X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"King Hei Stanley Lam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","The Board of Clinical Research, The International Association of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1392-829X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Board of Clinical Research, The International Association of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083868364","display_name":"Teinny Suryadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6722-0268","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6722-0268"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teinny Suryadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medistra Hospital, South Jakarta 12950, Indonesia","Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Synergy Clinic, West Jakarta 11510, Indonesia","The Board of Clinical Research, The International Association of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6722-0268","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medistra Hospital, South Jakarta 12950, Indonesia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Synergy Clinic, West Jakarta 11510, Indonesia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Board of Clinical Research, The International Association of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039237671","display_name":"Anwar Suhaimi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5795-0988","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5795-0988"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anwar Suhaimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia","The Board of Clinical Research, The International Association of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5795-0988","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Board of Clinical Research, The International Association of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046151555","https://openalex.org/A5076244257"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146824383","https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I4210094082","https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":2.269,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82708835,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"9","first_page":"1438","last_page":"1438"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11068","display_name":"Tendon Structure and Treatment","score":0.8471999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11068","display_name":"Tendon Structure and Treatment","score":0.8471999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12712","display_name":"Myofascial pain diagnosis and treatment","score":0.09309999644756317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10084","display_name":"Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation","score":0.010499999858438969,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasound-guided-hydrodissection","display_name":"ultrasound-guided hydrodissection","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dextrose-prolotherapy","display_name":"dextrose prolotherapy","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/musculoskeletal-pain","display_name":"musculoskeletal pain","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carpal-tunnel-syndrome","display_name":"carpal tunnel syndrome","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tendinopathy","display_name":"tendinopathy","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plantar-fasciitis","display_name":"plantar fasciitis","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knee-osteoarthritis","display_name":"knee osteoarthritis","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporomandibular-disorders","display_name":"temporomandibular disorders","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/therapeutic-indications","display_name":"treatment indications","score":0.4580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evidence-maturity","display_name":"evidence maturity","score":0.7509999871253967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780145008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842630","display_name":"Prolotherapy","level":3,"score":0.9901999831199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020000205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2412849","display_name":"Narrative review","level":2,"score":0.8974999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8223999738693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.47040000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779746960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332293","display_name":"Carpal tunnel syndrome","level":2,"score":0.46459999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.43939998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C514863369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427967","display_name":"Manual therapy","level":3,"score":0.350600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019869117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42240","display_name":"Original research","level":2,"score":0.3346000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140608501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7318358","display_name":"Review article","level":2,"score":0.3131999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.2992999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.296099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775899180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2093127","display_name":"Trigger finger","level":3,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19648533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691640","display_name":"Evidence-based medicine","level":3,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.26109999418258667}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/life16091438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/life16091438","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/life16091438","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200765","display_name":"Life","issn_l":"2075-1729","issn":["2075-1729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13608313","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13608313/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13608313/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Life (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42795303","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42795303","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Life (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1e9a4016af174f5b9a9df318b85519d3","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1e9a4016af174f5b9a9df318b85519d3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Life, Vol 16, Iss 9, p 1438 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/life16091438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/life16091438","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/life16091438","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200765","display_name":"Life","issn_l":"2075-1729","issn":["2075-1729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9763000011444092,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204602707.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204602707.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2128501467","https://openalex.org/W2462619814","https://openalex.org/W2540540302","https://openalex.org/W2889232945","https://openalex.org/W2922577842","https://openalex.org/W2946969701","https://openalex.org/W2981510068","https://openalex.org/W2982821026","https://openalex.org/W3047580232","https://openalex.org/W3109410822","https://openalex.org/W3112673462","https://openalex.org/W3122051110","https://openalex.org/W3134637963","https://openalex.org/W3176543799","https://openalex.org/W3182927535","https://openalex.org/W3186385279","https://openalex.org/W3195364641","https://openalex.org/W3203735905","https://openalex.org/W3212459747","https://openalex.org/W4214646749","https://openalex.org/W4220655622","https://openalex.org/W4281710057","https://openalex.org/W4281744233","https://openalex.org/W4283661984","https://openalex.org/W4304889585","https://openalex.org/W4306760197","https://openalex.org/W4313815563","https://openalex.org/W4323812718","https://openalex.org/W4327730984","https://openalex.org/W4366778871","https://openalex.org/W4385330573","https://openalex.org/W4385563611","https://openalex.org/W4387077534","https://openalex.org/W4387893347","https://openalex.org/W4388483478","https://openalex.org/W4391066291","https://openalex.org/W4391352177","https://openalex.org/W4391558375","https://openalex.org/W4394012832","https://openalex.org/W4394605941","https://openalex.org/W4396656593","https://openalex.org/W4399979863","https://openalex.org/W4401434874","https://openalex.org/W4403700859","https://openalex.org/W4404045945","https://openalex.org/W4405099440","https://openalex.org/W4406527696","https://openalex.org/W4407979320","https://openalex.org/W4408026652","https://openalex.org/W4408988903","https://openalex.org/W4408992706","https://openalex.org/W4409390976","https://openalex.org/W4410719189","https://openalex.org/W4412700478","https://openalex.org/W4413024534","https://openalex.org/W4413257598","https://openalex.org/W4414388847","https://openalex.org/W4414602675","https://openalex.org/W4415870203","https://openalex.org/W4416838780","https://openalex.org/W7118177607","https://openalex.org/W7125818820","https://openalex.org/W7147573545","https://openalex.org/W7147731552","https://openalex.org/W7155702165","https://openalex.org/W7155703471","https://openalex.org/W7162815904"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7170175548","https://openalex.org/W7112947072","https://openalex.org/W4301459553","https://openalex.org/W2083311710","https://openalex.org/W7164889129","https://openalex.org/W4380633128","https://openalex.org/W7155170748","https://openalex.org/W7130507188","https://openalex.org/W2333623355","https://openalex.org/W3112673462"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ultrasound-guided":[0],"hydrodissection":[1,124],"and":[2,27,30,39,85,92,105,126,137,143,158,165,195,212,254],"dextrose":[3,231],"prolotherapy":[4,132,229],"have":[5],"evolved":[6],"into":[7],"anatomically":[8],"explicit":[9],"but":[10],"mechanistically":[11],"distinct":[12],"strategies":[13],"for":[14,45,107],"musculoskeletal":[15],"pain.":[16],"This":[17],"State-of-the-Art":[18],"narrative":[19,77,109],"review":[20],"aimed":[21],"to":[22,31,233,248],"synthesize":[23],"major":[24],"recent":[25,121],"clinical":[26],"technical":[28],"developments":[29],"interpret":[32],"them":[33],"within":[34],"a":[35,93,108,225,234,262],"target-based":[36],"framework.":[37],"PubMed":[38],"Embase":[40],"via":[41],"Ovid":[42],"were":[43],"searched":[44],"English-language":[46],"publications":[47],"from":[48,181],"1":[49],"January":[50],"2021":[51],"through":[52,63],"29":[53],"July":[54],"2026,":[55],"supplemented":[56],"by":[57,220],"selected":[58,83],"pre-2021":[59],"landmark":[60,84],"studies":[61,186],"identified":[62],"backward":[64],"citation":[65],"tracking.":[66],"After":[67],"initial":[68],"deduplication,":[69],"1662":[70],"records":[71],"entered":[72],"Title/Abstract":[73],"screening.":[74],"The":[75,243],"final":[76,98],"synthesis":[78,110],"cited":[79],"67":[80],"publications,":[81],"including":[82],"methodological":[86],"sources.":[87],"One":[88],"author":[89,95],"performed":[90],"screening,":[91],"second":[94],"reviewed":[96],"the":[97,119,140,144,171],"publication":[99],"selection;":[100],"study":[101],"selection":[102],"was":[103],"purposive":[104],"designed":[106],"rather":[111,259],"than":[112,260],"exhaustive":[113],"systematic":[114],"inclusion.":[115],"Four":[116],"questions":[117],"guided":[118],"review:":[120],"refinements":[122],"in":[123,154,187,203],"technique":[125],"indications;":[127],"increasing":[128],"condition":[129],"specificity":[130],"of":[131,135,147,224],"evidence;":[133],"areas":[134],"overlap":[136],"distinction":[138],"between":[139],"two":[141],"procedures;":[142],"evidentiary":[145],"status":[146],"emerging":[148],"applications.":[149],"Hydrodissection":[150,217],"research":[151,178,258],"remains":[152,174],"concentrated":[153],"carpal":[155,172],"tunnel":[156,173],"syndrome":[157],"increasingly":[159],"addresses":[160],"injectate,":[161],"volume,":[162,205],"tissue-plane":[163,241],"spread,":[164],"procedural":[166,213],"configuration,":[167],"whereas":[168,228],"evidence":[169,252],"beyond":[170],"incompletely":[175],"replicated.":[176],"Prolotherapy":[177],"has":[179],"shifted":[180],"broad":[182],"claims":[183],"toward":[184],"condition-specific":[185],"tendinopathy,":[188],"plantar":[189],"fasciopathy,":[190],"knee":[191],"osteoarthritis,":[192],"periarticular":[193],"disorders,":[194],"temporomandibular":[196],"joint":[197],"pathology.":[198],"Across":[199],"both":[200],"fields,":[201],"variations":[202],"concentration,":[204],"anatomical":[206],"site,":[207],"session":[208],"number,":[209],"comparator,":[210],"rehabilitation,":[211],"expertise":[214],"limit":[215],"generalization.":[216],"is":[218,246],"defined":[219],"observable,":[221],"fluid-mediated":[222],"separation":[223],"tissue":[226],"interface,":[227],"involves":[230],"delivery":[232],"symptomatic":[235],"connective-tissue":[236],"target":[237],"without":[238],"requiring":[239],"immediate":[240],"separation.":[242],"proposed":[244],"framework":[245],"intended":[247],"standardize":[249],"terminology,":[250],"organize":[251],"maturity,":[253],"guide":[255],"future":[256],"comparative":[257],"prescribe":[261],"validated":[263],"treatment":[264],"algorithm.":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-08-29T00:00:00"}
