{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204597015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-026-00780-4","title":"Human-Elephant Conflict and its Impact on the Social Vulnerability of Subsistence Farmers in the Chure Terai Madhesh Landscape, Nepal","display_name":"Human-Elephant Conflict and its Impact on the Social Vulnerability of Subsistence Farmers in the Chure Terai Madhesh Landscape, Nepal","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204597015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-026-00780-4"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10745-026-00780-4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-026-00780-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-026-00780-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S82712235","display_name":"Human Ecology","issn_l":"0300-7839","issn":["0300-7839","1572-9915"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Ecology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-7600534/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040497900","display_name":"Ashok Kumar Ram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9909-1832","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9909-1832"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31888360","display_name":"Wildlife Institute of India","ror":"https://ror.org/0554dyz25","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31888360"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashok Kumar Ram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Kathmandu, Nepal","Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra D\u016bn, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9909-1832","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Kathmandu, Nepal","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra D\u016bn, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31888360"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075482170","display_name":"Babu Ram Lamichhane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0580-7682","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0580-7682"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405285211","display_name":"Wild Care Nepal","ror":"https://ror.org/050248y88","country_code":"NP","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405285211"]}],"countries":["NP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Babu Ram Lamichhane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wild Care Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0580-7682","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wild Care Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405285211"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055138816","display_name":"Ram Chandra Kandel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3570-4249","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3570-4249"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800730371","display_name":"Government of Nepal","ror":"https://ror.org/05gjrwv72","country_code":"NP","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800730371"]}],"countries":["NP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ram Chandra Kandel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Agriculture, Forests and Environment, Kathmandu, Nepal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Agriculture, Forests and Environment, Kathmandu, Nepal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800730371"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030582804","display_name":"Naresh Subedi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4517-4912","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4517-4912"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405285211","display_name":"Wild Care Nepal","ror":"https://ror.org/050248y88","country_code":"NP","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405285211"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94973836","display_name":"National Trust for Nature Conservation","ror":"https://ror.org/02avcvc17","country_code":"NP","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94973836"]}],"countries":["NP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naresh Subedi","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Trust for Nature Conservation, Patan, Nepal","Wild Care Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Trust for Nature Conservation, Patan, Nepal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94973836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wild Care Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405285211"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076400802","display_name":"Nabin Kumar Yadav","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2995-4057","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2995-4057"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800730371","display_name":"Government of Nepal","ror":"https://ror.org/05gjrwv72","country_code":"NP","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800730371"]}],"countries":["NP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nabin Kumar Yadav","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Forests ad Environment, Madhesh Province, Janakpur, Nepal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Forests ad Environment, Madhesh Province, Janakpur, Nepal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800730371"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111413837","display_name":"Shant Raj Jnawali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1655-2398","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1655-2398"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405269329","display_name":"WWF Nepal","ror":"https://ror.org/03tkbmq07","country_code":"NP","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405269329"]}],"countries":["NP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shanta Raj Jnawali","raw_affiliation_strings":["WWF Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WWF Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405269329"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081362689","display_name":"Bivash Pandav","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0613-2007","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0613-2007"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31888360","display_name":"Wildlife Institute of India","ror":"https://ror.org/0554dyz25","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31888360"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bivash Pandav","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra D\u016bn, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra D\u016bn, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31888360"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072083359","display_name":"Hem Sagar Baral","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9810-5104","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9810-5104"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153230381","display_name":"Charles Sturt University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wfvh315","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hem Sagar Baral","raw_affiliation_strings":["Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078758203","display_name":"Hari Prasad Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0708-1769","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0708-1769"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155028946","display_name":"Tribhuvan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02rg1r889","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155028946"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4399598377","display_name":"Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02wxm3f24","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155028946","https://openalex.org/I4399598377"]}],"countries":["NP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hari Prasad Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central Department of Zoology, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central Department of Zoology, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155028946","https://openalex.org/I4399598377"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066255920","display_name":"Hem Bahadur Katuwal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6792-1363","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6792-1363"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801454379","display_name":"Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden","ror":"https://ror.org/02rz58g17","country_code":"CN","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2801454379"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hem Bahadur Katuwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6792-1363","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2801454379"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066255920","https://openalex.org/A5075482170"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2801454379","https://openalex.org/I4405285211"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2290},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.737,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9186438,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"55","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10319","display_name":"Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13388","display_name":"Rangeland and Wildlife Management","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-elephant-conflict","display_name":"human-elephant conflict","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asian-elephant","display_name":"Asian elephant","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subsistence-farmers","display_name":"subsistence farmers","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-vulnerability","display_name":"social vulnerability","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crop-damage","display_name":"crop damage","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainable-livelihoods-framework","display_name":"Sustainable Livelihoods Framework","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-vulnerability-index","display_name":"Social Vulnerability Index","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-capacity","display_name":"adaptive capacity","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/livelihoods","display_name":"livelihoods","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crop-protection","display_name":"crop protection","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jhapa-district","display_name":"Jhapa district","score":0.9990000128746033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156005406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2787508","display_name":"Subsistence agriculture","level":3,"score":0.8403000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.626800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.6241000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.5734000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779501324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581445","display_name":"Social vulnerability","level":3,"score":0.43529999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17616946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9056738","display_name":"Pastoralism","level":3,"score":0.3750999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983815764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7551167","display_name":"Social impact","level":3,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3987366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6658164","display_name":"Livelihood","level":3,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167063184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","level":3,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.2632000148296356}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10745-026-00780-4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-026-00780-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-026-00780-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S82712235","display_name":"Human Ecology","issn_l":"0300-7839","issn":["0300-7839","1572-9915"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Ecology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7600534/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7600534/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7600534/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-7600534/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7600534/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7600534/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7600534/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-7600534/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9599999785423279,"display_name":"Life on land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"},{"score":0.8928999900817871,"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"},{"score":0.6875,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"},{"score":0.48510000109672546,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204597015.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204597015.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W259784344","https://openalex.org/W1543529592","https://openalex.org/W1898075938","https://openalex.org/W2092013281","https://openalex.org/W2109043109","https://openalex.org/W2518566825","https://openalex.org/W2573832161","https://openalex.org/W2613473783","https://openalex.org/W2624457998","https://openalex.org/W2766551162","https://openalex.org/W2802337201","https://openalex.org/W2896630407","https://openalex.org/W2966206234","https://openalex.org/W3085294411","https://openalex.org/W3137955141","https://openalex.org/W3165216098","https://openalex.org/W3202309987","https://openalex.org/W3204160789","https://openalex.org/W4206924657","https://openalex.org/W4301397877","https://openalex.org/W4378953830","https://openalex.org/W4391326382","https://openalex.org/W4391582831","https://openalex.org/W4392167165","https://openalex.org/W4401049724","https://openalex.org/W4401938463","https://openalex.org/W4402441769","https://openalex.org/W4406934363","https://openalex.org/W4410458680"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2896630407","https://openalex.org/W2910242264","https://openalex.org/W3177498082","https://openalex.org/W2919807055","https://openalex.org/W2766551162","https://openalex.org/W4200218039","https://openalex.org/W7130850563","https://openalex.org/W4401049724","https://openalex.org/W4206924657","https://openalex.org/W3177169633"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Asian":[1],"elephants":[2],"(":[3],"Elephas":[4],"maximus":[5],")":[6],"are":[7,20],"endangered":[8],"mega-herbivores,":[9],"occur":[10],"in":[11,17,23,65,82,160],"different":[12],"parts":[13],"of":[14,38,52,62,73,156],"human-dominated":[15],"landscapes":[16],"Asia,":[18],"and":[19,28,56,94,100,107,140,173],"often":[21],"involved":[22],"crop":[24,88,127,158,165],"raiding,":[25],"property":[26,91],"damage,":[27],"attacks":[29],"on":[30,34,59,116],"humans.":[31],"Their":[32],"impact":[33],"the":[35,49,60,83,104,117,133,143,154,178],"social":[36,50],"vulnerability":[37,125],"subsistence":[39,63],"farmers":[40,64],"remains":[41],"poorly":[42],"understood.":[43],"In":[44],"this":[45],"study,":[46],"we":[47],"examined":[48],"dimensions":[51],"human\u2013elephant":[53],"conflict":[54],"(HEC)":[55],"its":[57],"effects":[58],"livelihoods":[61],"Nepal\u2019s":[66],"Tarai":[67],"landscape":[68],"during":[69],"2016-2020.":[70],"Approximately":[71],"90%":[72],"respondents":[74],"(n":[75],"=":[76],"1,060)":[77],"reported":[78],"experiencing":[79],"increased":[80],"HEC":[81],"past":[84],"five":[85],"years,":[86],"including":[87],"damage":[89],"(47%),":[90],"losses":[92],"(38%),":[93],"human":[95,141],"casualties":[96],"(15%),":[97],"with":[98,129],"Bardiya":[99],"Jhapa":[101],"districts":[102],"exhibiting":[103],"highest":[105],"exposure":[106],"sensitivity":[108],"to":[109,123,126],"HEC.":[110],"The":[111],"Social":[112],"Vulnerability":[113],"Index,":[114],"based":[115],"Sustainable":[118],"Livelihood":[119],"Framework,":[120],"indicated":[121],"medium":[122],"high":[124],"loss,":[128],"physical":[130,171],"capital":[131,142],"showing":[132],"greatest":[134],"vulnerability,":[135],"followed":[136],"by":[137],"financial":[138,175],"capital,":[139],"lowest.":[144],"These":[145],"findings":[146],"highlight":[147],"that":[148],"limited":[149],"adaptive":[150],"capacity":[151],"significantly":[152],"increases":[153],"risk":[155],"elephant-induced":[157],"loss":[159],"Nepal.":[161],"Strengthening":[162],"effective,":[163],"context-specific":[164],"protection":[166],"strategies,":[167],"particularly":[168],"through":[169],"improved":[170],"infrastructure":[172],"enhanced":[174],"support":[176],"at":[177],"farm":[179],"level,":[180],"is":[181],"urgently":[182],"needed.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-08-29T00:00:00"}