{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204589115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7364262","title":"Optimization of Injection Timing and Hydrogen Flow Rate in a Biodiesel Dual-Fuel Compression Ignition Engine","display_name":"Optimization of Injection Timing and Hydrogen Flow Rate in a Biodiesel Dual-Fuel Compression Ignition Engine","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204589115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7364262"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.7364262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7364262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7364262","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7364262","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023414520","display_name":"N. Punitha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4496-1669","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4496-1669"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Punitha","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029384602","display_name":"Ramesh Velumayil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1638-147X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1638-147X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330855593","display_name":"Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bc5bx80","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330855593"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramesh Velumayil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600062, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1638-147X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600062, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330855593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036178435","display_name":"S. Jacob","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9560-3936","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9560-3936"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138876546","display_name":"Vels University","ror":"https://ror.org/00tscx035","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138876546"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jacob S","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vels Institute of Science Technology & Advanced Studies, Velan Nagar, Old Pallavaram, Chennai, TN 600117"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9560-3936","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vels Institute of Science Technology & Advanced Studies, Velan Nagar, Old Pallavaram, Chennai, TN 600117","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138876546"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128630565","display_name":"S. Lakshmi Sankar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43814544","display_name":"Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01defpn95","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43814544"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S.  Lakshmi Sankar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43814544"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036178435"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138876546"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10507","display_name":"Biodiesel Production and Applications","score":0.6226000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10507","display_name":"Biodiesel Production and Applications","score":0.6226000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10117","display_name":"Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies","score":0.36820000410079956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1507","display_name":"Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13990","display_name":"Engine and Fuel Emissions","score":0.0019000000320374966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pilot-injection-timing","display_name":"pilot injection timing","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compression-ignition-engine","display_name":"compression ignition engine","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brake-thermal-efficiency","display_name":"brake thermal efficiency","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brake-specific-fuel-consumption","display_name":"brake specific fuel consumption","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nox-emissions","display_name":"NOx emissions","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co-and-hc-emissions","display_name":"CO and HC emissions","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoke-emissions","display_name":"smoke emissions","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-objective-optimization","display_name":"multi-objective optimization","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/desirability-function","display_name":"desirability function","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/response-surface-methodology","display_name":"response surface methodology","score":0.7839999794960022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.6765999794006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138171918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38423","display_name":"Diesel fuel","level":2,"score":0.5774000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50406533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1452104","display_name":"Thermal efficiency","level":3,"score":0.5521000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5218999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96949565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5606882","display_name":"Homogeneous charge compression ignition","level":4,"score":0.5163000226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105923489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133235","display_name":"Combustion","level":2,"score":0.5112000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159063594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q248382","display_name":"Ignition system","level":2,"score":0.49939998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25797200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828137","display_name":"Compression ratio","level":3,"score":0.44920000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.4171999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780804531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174174","display_name":"Diesel engine","level":2,"score":0.41519999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73081478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814856","display_name":"Brake specific fuel consumption","level":3,"score":0.4052000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116915560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83504","display_name":"Nuclear engineering","level":1,"score":0.3856000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52896960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167947","display_name":"Biodiesel","level":3,"score":0.37630000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.374099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132927557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4230094","display_name":"Carbureted compression ignition model engine","level":5,"score":0.3725000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22762622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628904","display_name":"Operating point","level":2,"score":0.3562999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203032635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20962970","display_name":"NOx","level":3,"score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52208190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7313121","display_name":"Renewable fuels","level":3,"score":0.3443000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58874564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130768","display_name":"Smoke","level":2,"score":0.33230000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172120300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134348","display_name":"Volumetric flow rate","level":2,"score":0.3294000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45882903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5042317","display_name":"Fuel efficiency","level":2,"score":0.32690000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9526370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308881","display_name":"Fuel injection","level":2,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180016635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2712821","display_name":"Compression (physics)","level":2,"score":0.30630001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.3028999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96532641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q248240","display_name":"Ignition timing","level":3,"score":0.29429998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512968161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556","display_name":"Hydrogen","level":2,"score":0.2858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511840579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12757","display_name":"Internal combustion engine","level":2,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62200009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2994681","display_name":"Thrust specific fuel consumption","level":3,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53991642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128991","display_name":"Biofuel","level":2,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71034217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q142663","display_name":"Diesel cycle","level":4,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103206924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285028","display_name":"Exhaust gas recirculation","level":3,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.7364262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7364262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7364262","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.7364262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7364262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7364262","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9853000044822693,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"},{"score":0.685699999332428,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"},{"score":0.5378999710083008,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7159951050","https://openalex.org/W4410239430","https://openalex.org/W4387071508","https://openalex.org/W4407706631","https://openalex.org/W4411362562","https://openalex.org/W4382407467","https://openalex.org/W7212322361","https://openalex.org/W4293522935","https://openalex.org/W2917199180","https://openalex.org/W1998507598"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-08-29T00:00:00"}
