{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204587289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9971399/v1","title":"The Role of Patents in Shaping Turkish University Rankings: National and International Perspectives","display_name":"The Role of Patents in Shaping Turkish University Rankings: National and International Perspectives","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204587289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9971399/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9971399/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9971399/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9971399/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-9971399/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-9971399/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101523066","display_name":"Mohammed Sayim Khalil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1539-5629","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1539-5629"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25010766","display_name":"Hali\u00e7 University","ror":"https://ror.org/022xhck05","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25010766"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Sayim Khalil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hali\u00e7 University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hali\u00e7 University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25010766"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008024352","display_name":"B\u00fc\u015fra \u015eahin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3995-9238","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3995-9238"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25010766","display_name":"Hali\u00e7 University","ror":"https://ror.org/022xhck05","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25010766"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B\u00fc\u015fra \u015eAH\u0130N","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hali\u00e7 University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hali\u00e7 University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25010766"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25010766"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10102","display_name":"scientometrics and bibliometrics research","score":0.005799999926239252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10546","display_name":"Higher Education Governance and Development","score":0.005400000140070915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/university-rankings","display_name":"university rankings","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patenting-activity","display_name":"patent activity","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-property","display_name":"intellectual property","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-education-evaluation","display_name":"higher education assessment","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/university-commercialization","display_name":"university commercialization","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innovation-index","display_name":"innovation index","score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-patenting","display_name":"international patenting","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turkish-universities","display_name":"Turkish universities","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-education-policy","display_name":"higher education policy","score":0.6079999804496765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780625559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5152592","display_name":"Commercialization","level":2,"score":0.8762999773025513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781121862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256","display_name":"Turkish","level":2,"score":0.7824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34974158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131257","display_name":"Intellectual property","level":2,"score":0.6777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779027411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167270","display_name":"Trademark","level":2,"score":0.6776999831199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.5708000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C610760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1340706","display_name":"Endogeneity","level":2,"score":0.5683000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97509610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3141064","display_name":"Internationalization","level":2,"score":0.5656999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5138999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.5008000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502338164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9083","display_name":"Lithuanian","level":2,"score":0.4456999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778965292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918031","display_name":"National innovation system","level":2,"score":0.4059000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3977999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8795937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11862829","display_name":"Discipline","level":2,"score":0.396699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986617620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7132151","display_name":"European patent office","level":2,"score":0.3928999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84309077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3908516","display_name":"Entrepreneurship","level":2,"score":0.38940000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.33809998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.33079999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148383697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695","display_name":"Regional science","level":1,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776932993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484318","display_name":"Ethos","level":2,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778357065","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165788","display_name":"Prudence","level":2,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985879086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061910","display_name":"Technology transfer","level":2,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9971399/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9971399/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9971399/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-9971399/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9971399/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9971399/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9971399/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-9971399/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5378999710083008,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"},{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.47620001435279846,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204587289.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204587289.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2130154030","https://openalex.org/W4212803438","https://openalex.org/W4255417111"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1531693935","https://openalex.org/W3158904317","https://openalex.org/W7127806936","https://openalex.org/W4402389836","https://openalex.org/W3178169542","https://openalex.org/W2152884405","https://openalex.org/W1970911891","https://openalex.org/W2069732414","https://openalex.org/W4226153797","https://openalex.org/W3124731471"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"article":[2,129],"examines":[3],"the":[4,28,36,103,112],"relationship":[5],"between":[6],"patent":[7,77,119,163],"activity":[8,89],"and":[9,19,31,44,48,60,87,114,142,150],"university":[10],"rankings":[11,50],"in":[12,98,106],"Turkey,":[13],"encompassing":[14],"both":[15],"national":[16],"evaluation":[17],"frameworks":[18],"major":[20],"international":[21,85,147],"ranking":[22,95],"systems.":[23],"Drawing":[24],"on":[25],"data":[26,165],"from":[27],"Turkish":[29],"Patent":[30],"Trademark":[32],"Office":[33],"(T\u00fcrk":[34],"Patent),":[35],"Council":[37],"of":[38],"Higher":[39,53],"Education":[40,54],"(Y\u00d6K),":[41],"T\u00dcB\u0130TAK's":[42],"Entrepreneurship":[43],"Innovation":[45],"Index":[46],"(G\u0130E),":[47],"global":[49],"including":[51,157],"Times":[52],"(THE),":[55],"QS":[56],"World":[57],"University":[58],"Rankings,":[59],"SCImago,":[61],"we":[62],"investigate":[63],"how":[64],"intellectual":[65],"property":[66],"outputs":[67],"are":[68],"associated":[69,93],"with":[70,94,152],"institutional":[71],"standing.":[72],"Our":[73],"analysis":[74],"demonstrates":[75],"that":[76,116],"generation":[78],"\u2014":[79,90,134,149],"spanning":[80],"application":[81],"volumes,":[82],"granted":[83],"patents,":[84],"filings,":[86],"commercialization":[88,136,164],"is":[91],"positively":[92],"performance,":[96],"particularly":[97],"innovation-weighted":[99],"frameworks.":[100],"We":[101],"acknowledge":[102],"endogeneity":[104],"inherent":[105],"this":[107],"relationship:":[108],"higher-ranked":[109],"universities":[110],"attract":[111],"resources":[113],"talent":[115],"facilitate":[117],"greater":[118],"output,":[120],"making":[121],"causal":[122],"direction":[123],"a":[124,158],"complex":[125],"empirical":[126],"question.":[127],"The":[128],"identifies":[130],"persistent":[131],"structural":[132],"challenges":[133],"low":[135],"rates,":[137],"regional":[138],"disparities,":[139],"disciplinary":[140],"imbalances,":[141],"foreign-exchange":[143],"cost":[144],"barriers":[145],"for":[146,161],"filings":[148],"concludes":[151],"six":[153],"Turkey-specific":[154],"policy":[155],"recommendations,":[156],"foundational":[159],"proposal":[160],"mandatory":[162],"reporting":[166],"infrastructure.":[167],"JEL":[168],"Codes:":[169],"I23":[170],"\u00b7":[171,173,175,177],"O34":[172],"O38":[174],"L31":[176],"H52":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2026-08-29T00:00:00"}
