{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204580276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.25.26361263","title":"TRACE: A FINE-TUNED BIOMEDICAL LANGUAGE MODEL FOR DIRECTIONALLY INFORMED DRUG REPURPOSING FROM TRANSCRIPTOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES","display_name":"TRACE: A FINE-TUNED BIOMEDICAL LANGUAGE MODEL FOR DIRECTIONALLY INFORMED DRUG REPURPOSING FROM TRANSCRIPTOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204580276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.25.26361263"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.08.25.26361263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.25.26361263","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.25.26361263","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/08/28/2026.08.25.26361263.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/08/28/2026.08.25.26361263.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088218528","display_name":"Christopher O. Otieno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3747-1762","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3747-1762"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162197","display_name":"Vanderbilt Health","ror":"https://ror.org/05grhsk96","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162197"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher O. Otieno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Health Nashville, TN 37232, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Health Nashville, TN 37232, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446","https://openalex.org/I4210162197"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089134333","display_name":"Hannah M. Seagle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3834-4357","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3834-4357"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162197","display_name":"Vanderbilt Health","ror":"https://ror.org/05grhsk96","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162197"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hannah M. Seagle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Health Nashville, TN 37232, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Health Nashville, TN 37232, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446","https://openalex.org/I4210162197"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107091503","display_name":"Alexis T. Akerele","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162197","display_name":"Vanderbilt Health","ror":"https://ror.org/05grhsk96","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162197"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexis T. Akerele","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Quantitative and Clinical Science, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt Health Nashville, TN 37232, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Quantitative and Clinical Science, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt Health Nashville, TN 37232, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446","https://openalex.org/I4210162197"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025499099","display_name":"James Jaworski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2852-4088","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2852-4088"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162197","display_name":"Vanderbilt Health","ror":"https://ror.org/05grhsk96","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162197"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Jaworski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Health Nashville, TN 37232, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Health Nashville, TN 37232, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446","https://openalex.org/I4210162197"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082827866","display_name":"Lindsay A. Guare","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6988-5319","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6988-5319"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lindsay Guare","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6988-5319","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023838189","display_name":"Shefali Setia-Verma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7625-1162","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7625-1162"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shefali Setia-Verma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045578843","display_name":"Digna R. Velez Edwards","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5293-0056","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5293-0056"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162197","display_name":"Vanderbilt Health","ror":"https://ror.org/05grhsk96","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162197"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Digna R. Velez Edwards","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Quantitative and Clinical Science, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt Health Nashville, TN 37232, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Quantitative and Clinical Science, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt Health Nashville, TN 37232, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446","https://openalex.org/I4210162197"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004289607","display_name":"Todd L. Edwards","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4318-6119","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4318-6119"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162197","display_name":"Vanderbilt Health","ror":"https://ror.org/05grhsk96","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162197"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Todd L. Edwards","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Health Nashville, TN 37232, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4318-6119","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Health Nashville, TN 37232, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446","https://openalex.org/I4210162197"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004289607"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446","https://openalex.org/I4210162197"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10211","display_name":"Computational Drug Discovery Methods","score":0.4507000148296356,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10211","display_name":"Computational Drug Discovery Methods","score":0.4507000148296356,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.448199987411499,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.07000000029802322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-repurposing","display_name":"drug repurposing","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transcriptome-wide-association-study","display_name":"transcriptome-wide association study","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direction-of-effect","display_name":"direction of effect","score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-gene-interactions","display_name":"drug-gene interactions","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endometriosis","display_name":"endometriosis","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease","display_name":"non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-2-diabetes","display_name":"type 2 diabetes","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-safety","display_name":"drug safety","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mendelian-randomization","display_name":"Mendelian randomization","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/literature-curation","display_name":"literature curation","score":0.47600001096725464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103637391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5308921","display_name":"Drug repositioning","level":3,"score":0.6603000164031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6492000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5213000178337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69991583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423575","display_name":"Candidate gene","level":3,"score":0.4812000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69505689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q455338","display_name":"Unified Medical Language System","level":2,"score":0.46309998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.46160000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4433000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.43389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779901538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6816584","display_name":"Mendelian randomization","level":5,"score":0.40779998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186413461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744727","display_name":"Genetic association","level":5,"score":0.3790999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.37209999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.36489999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.3628999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.3481999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.3425999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106208931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1098876","display_name":"Genome-wide association study","level":5,"score":0.3260999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.3068999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74187038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1418791","display_name":"Drug discovery","level":2,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519536355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21021151","display_name":"Repurposing","level":2,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40993552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514654","display_name":"Gold standard (test)","level":2,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57493831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3134666","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75291252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315756","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","level":2,"score":0.262800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.08.25.26361263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.25.26361263","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.25.26361263","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/08/28/2026.08.25.26361263.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.08.25.26361263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.25.26361263","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.25.26361263","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/08/28/2026.08.25.26361263.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8371999859809875}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7697465828","display_name":"Leveraging the genetic architecture of blood pressure traits for treatment and prediction of resistant hypertension","funder_award_id":"26PRE1550935","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306230","funder_display_name":"American Heart Association"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000207726","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CA160056","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000871023","display_name":"Integrative risk modeling for early prediction of endometriosis and its long-term health outcomes\u00a0","funder_award_id":"R01HD110567","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337611","funder_display_name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000896030","display_name":"NRSA Training Core","funder_award_id":"TL1TR002244","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306230","display_name":"American Heart Association","ror":"https://ror.org/013kjyp64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333063","display_name":"Stanford Bio-X","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337364","display_name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","ror":"https://ror.org/04byxyr05"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337611","display_name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","ror":"https://ror.org/04byxyr05"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204580276.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204580276.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3207672631","https://openalex.org/W4378172771","https://openalex.org/W2560291798","https://openalex.org/W4391605165","https://openalex.org/W3128727642","https://openalex.org/W2230412140","https://openalex.org/W4415031233","https://openalex.org/W4362736376","https://openalex.org/W7155519612","https://openalex.org/W4306353172"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract/Summary":[0],"Transcriptome-wide":[1],"association":[2],"studies":[3,221],"(TWAS)":[4],"can":[5],"identify":[6],"genes":[7],"where":[8],"genetically":[9,218],"predicted":[10],"gene":[11,52,58],"expression":[12],"is":[13],"associated":[14],"with":[15,107],"disease":[16,227],"risk,":[17],"but":[18],"translating":[19],"those":[20],"signals":[21],"into":[22],"therapeutic":[23,119,274,303],"opportunities":[24],"remains":[25],"time-consuming,":[26],"manual,":[27],"and":[28,44,53,74,95,121,145,205,229,245,276,311,320],"difficult":[29],"to":[30,81,116,260,301],"reproduce.":[31],"We":[32,161],"developed":[33,180],"TRACE":[34],"(TWAS-driven":[35],"Repurposing":[36],"through":[37,181,308],"AI-assisted":[38],"Curation":[39],"of":[40,93,98,154,172,184,191,201,209,238,242,247,284],"Evidence),":[41],"a":[42,50,76,87,150,166,294],"gene-":[43],"phenotype-agnostic":[45],"computational":[46],"pipeline":[47,101,164,235,266],"that":[48,250],"accepts":[49],"TWAS":[51,113,263,299],"effect-size":[54],"direction,":[55],"normalizes":[56],"the":[57,84,91,96,104,108,112,163,265],"symbol,":[59],"retrieves":[60],"FDA-approved":[61,269],"drug-gene":[62,89,174,193,202,270],"candidates":[63],"from":[64,72,298],"four":[65,192],"online":[66],"resources,":[67],"collects":[68],"related":[69],"peer-reviewed":[70],"literature":[71,85,199],"PubMed,":[73],"uses":[75],"fine-tuned":[77],"biomedical":[78],"language":[79],"model":[80],"classify":[82],"whether":[83],"supports":[86],"direct":[88],"relationship,":[90],"mechanism":[92],"action,":[94],"direction":[97,106,109],"effect.":[99],"The":[100,127,234],"then":[102],"compares":[103],"drug-derived":[105],"implied":[110],"by":[111],"effect":[114],"estimate":[115],"rank":[117],"candidate":[118,210,273],"pairs":[120,175,249],"flag":[122],"potential":[123,278],"drug":[124],"safety":[125,279],"concerns.":[126],"local":[128],"classifier,":[129],"built":[130],"on":[131],"BiomedBERT,":[132],"was":[133],"trained":[134],"using":[135],"pipeline-derived":[136],"labels,":[137],"BioCreative":[138],"VI":[139],"ChemProt":[140],"gold-standard":[141],"chemical-protein":[142],"relation":[143],"examples,":[144],"author-reviewed":[146],"active-learning":[147],"cases,":[148],"reaching":[149],"held-out":[151],"macro":[152],"F1":[153],"0.809":[155],"across":[156],"three":[157],"simultaneous":[158],"classification":[159],"tasks.":[160],"validated":[162],"against":[165],"manually":[167],"curated":[168],"endometriosis":[169,185,239,289],"gold":[170],"standard":[171],"43":[173],"spanning":[176],"six":[177],"TWAS-identified":[178],"genes,":[179,264],"S-PrediXcan":[182],"analysis":[183],"GWAS":[186],"summary":[187],"statistics,":[188],"manual":[189],"querying":[190],"interaction":[194],"databases":[195],"for":[196],"each":[197],"gene,":[198],"review":[200],"mechanistic":[203],"evidence,":[204],"Mendelian":[206,314],"randomization":[207],"validation":[208,213],"pairs.":[211],"External":[212],"used":[214],"two":[215],"independently":[216],"published":[217],"informed":[219],"drug-repurposing":[220],"in":[222,253],"metabolic":[223],"dysfunction-associated":[224],"steatotic":[225],"liver":[226],"(MASLD)":[228],"type":[230],"2":[231],"diabetes":[232],"(T2D).":[233],"recovered":[236],"90.7%":[237],"pairs,":[240,244,271,275],"88.2%":[241],"MASLD":[243],"92.9%":[246],"T2D":[248],"were":[251],"present":[252],"at":[254],"least":[255],"one":[256],"queried":[257],"database.":[258],"Applied":[259],"99":[261],"endometriosis-associated":[262],"identified":[267],"1,089":[268],"32":[272],"77":[277],"concerns,":[280],"including":[281],"independent":[282],"recovery":[283],"leuprolide":[285],"acetate,":[286],"an":[287],"established":[288],"therapy.":[290],"This":[291],"framework":[292],"provides":[293],"scalable,":[295],"literature-grounded":[296],"bridge":[297],"discovery":[300],"prioritized":[302],"hypotheses,":[304],"while":[305],"preserving":[306],"uncertainty":[307],"manual-review":[309],"flags":[310],"requiring":[312],"downstream":[313],"randomization,":[315],"electronic":[316],"health":[317],"record-based":[318],"validation,":[319],"experimental":[321],"follow-up":[322],"before":[323],"clinical":[324],"interpretation.":[325]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-08-29T00:00:00"}
