{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204568307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2026.2717602","title":"Effects of informal digital learning of English on EFL learners\u2019 writing skills: a mixed-methods study","display_name":"Effects of informal digital learning of English on EFL learners\u2019 writing skills: a mixed-methods study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204568307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2026.2717602"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17501229.2026.2717602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2026.2717602","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2026.2717602","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62186313","display_name":"Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching","issn_l":"1750-1229","issn":["1750-1229","1750-1237"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000304674","display_name":"Ju Seong Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8756-0910","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8756-0910","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3996-1303"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086892","display_name":"Education University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/000t0f062","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086892"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ju Seong Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Education University of Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8756-0910","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Education University of Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050442973","display_name":"Afsheen Rezai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9010-0168","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9010-0168"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129530","display_name":"Ayatollah Boroujerdi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0377qcz53","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129530"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Afsheen Rezai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ayatollah Ozma Borujerdi University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9010-0168","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ayatollah Ozma Borujerdi University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129530"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090720169","display_name":"Ahmad Goodarzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3549-7240","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3549-7240"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129530","display_name":"Ayatollah Boroujerdi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0377qcz53","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129530"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Goodarzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ayatollah Ozma Borujerdi University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ayatollah Ozma Borujerdi University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129530"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050442973"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129530"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.3842,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98059172,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14516","display_name":"English Language Learning and Teaching","score":0.7329000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14516","display_name":"English Language Learning and Teaching","score":0.7329000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.257099986076355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11370","display_name":"Mobile Learning in Education","score":0.005499999970197678,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informal-digital-learning","display_name":"informal digital learning","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-as-a-foreign-language","display_name":"English as a foreign language","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/l2-writing-development","display_name":"L2 writing development","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learner-autonomy","display_name":"learner autonomy","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/locus-of-control","display_name":"locus of control","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotional-engagement","display_name":"emotional engagement","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/college-students","display_name":"university students","score":0.5370000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/writing-intervention","display_name":"writing intervention","score":0.4560000002384186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6152999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779192225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7443730","display_name":"Second language writing","level":3,"score":0.5170999765396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16320812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1812200","display_name":"Idle","level":2,"score":0.5023000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.4503999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65414064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105","display_name":"Autonomy","level":2,"score":0.44269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4219000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780468074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16628824","display_name":"Digital learning","level":2,"score":0.41760000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182325601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17064286","display_name":"Learner autonomy","level":4,"score":0.40059998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100480397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7836899","display_name":"Treatment and control groups","level":2,"score":0.3953999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.3880999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779305910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172809","display_name":"Corrective feedback","level":2,"score":0.36719998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.3610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.3357999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778695844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1762292","display_name":"Collaborative writing","level":2,"score":0.32839998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74672266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815859","display_name":"Language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.32820001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778883600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2390977","display_name":"Language proficiency","level":2,"score":0.3276999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986378755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130192","display_name":"English as a foreign language","level":2,"score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.321399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987567764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125421","display_name":"Second language","level":2,"score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87156501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268708","display_name":"Qualitative property","level":2,"score":0.3061999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109778625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796573","display_name":"Computer-mediated communication","level":3,"score":0.3050999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2856000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88610354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813494","display_name":"Teaching method","level":2,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170798268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q534589","display_name":"Locus of control","level":2,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194995250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q531136","display_name":"Affordance","level":2,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16443162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Educational technology","level":2,"score":0.26010000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777898490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17157236","display_name":"Writing assessment","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/17501229.2026.2717602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2026.2717602","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2026.2717602","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62186313","display_name":"Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching","issn_l":"1750-1229","issn":["1750-1229","1750-1237"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.9901999831199646}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.8834478855133057}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial","display_name":"Clinical Trial"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1678084289","https://openalex.org/W1968459845","https://openalex.org/W1970391825","https://openalex.org/W2029972148","https://openalex.org/W2041085272","https://openalex.org/W2061623382","https://openalex.org/W2070413714","https://openalex.org/W2107370093","https://openalex.org/W2159684207","https://openalex.org/W2164483209","https://openalex.org/W2170582863","https://openalex.org/W2214266691","https://openalex.org/W2317465884","https://openalex.org/W2401037766","https://openalex.org/W2480088852","https://openalex.org/W2506289132","https://openalex.org/W2581948454","https://openalex.org/W2768285984","https://openalex.org/W2772429939","https://openalex.org/W2934692346","https://openalex.org/W2962802490","https://openalex.org/W2972388145","https://openalex.org/W3000718457","https://openalex.org/W3001362559","https://openalex.org/W3033217922","https://openalex.org/W3135680541","https://openalex.org/W3152711973","https://openalex.org/W3173941329","https://openalex.org/W4200073014","https://openalex.org/W4205425808","https://openalex.org/W4210596393","https://openalex.org/W4225257048","https://openalex.org/W4225394293","https://openalex.org/W4225524112","https://openalex.org/W4248757679","https://openalex.org/W4291597061","https://openalex.org/W4299681487","https://openalex.org/W4306643917","https://openalex.org/W4313431718","https://openalex.org/W4328095939","https://openalex.org/W4378833310","https://openalex.org/W4382794852","https://openalex.org/W4385293522","https://openalex.org/W4394823018","https://openalex.org/W4395686020","https://openalex.org/W4396762825","https://openalex.org/W4396779283","https://openalex.org/W4398775668","https://openalex.org/W4403839643","https://openalex.org/W4411534593","https://openalex.org/W7124965452"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Informal":[0],"digital":[1,99,200],"learning":[2,147],"of":[3,13,34,47,141,164],"English":[4],"(IDLE)":[5],"is":[6],"increasingly":[7],"positioned":[8],"as":[9,175],"a":[10,67,73,79,176],"meaningful":[11],"extension":[12],"classroom":[14],"instruction":[15],"in":[16,95,111],"EFL":[17,64],"settings,":[18],"yet":[19],"intervention-based":[20],"evidence":[21],"for":[22,180],"L2":[23,41,181],"writing":[24,42,52,88,100,109,123,182,201],"development":[25,183],"remains":[26],"limited.":[27],"This":[28],"mixed-methods":[29],"study":[30],"investigated":[31],"the":[32,90,103,117,126,137,146,186,205],"effect":[33],"teacher-supported":[35,97,173],"IDLE":[36,49,91,118,174],"on":[37],"Iranian":[38,62],"university":[39],"students\u2019":[40],"performance":[43],"and":[44,57,72,158,162,166,184,194],"their":[45,51],"perceptions":[46],"how":[48],"supported":[50],"development.":[53],"Following":[54],"proficiency":[55],"screening":[56],"random":[58],"group":[59,92,105,119,128],"allocation,":[60],"42":[61],"undergraduate":[63],"learners":[65],"completed":[66,106],"pre-test,":[68],"an":[69],"immediate":[70],"post-test,":[71],"delayed":[74],"post-test":[75,131],"four":[76],"weeks":[77],"after":[78,136],"16-week":[80],"intervention.":[81,138],"Both":[82],"groups":[83],"received":[84],"comparable":[85],"weekly":[86],"in-class":[87],"instruction;":[89],"then":[93],"engaged":[94],"structured,":[96],"out-of-class":[98],"activities,":[101],"while":[102],"control":[104,127],"parallel":[107],"teacher-led":[108],"practice":[110],"class.":[112],"Covariate-adjusted":[113],"analyses":[114],"indicated":[115],"that":[116,198],"achieved":[120],"significantly":[121],"greater":[122],"gains":[124],"than":[125],"at":[129],"both":[130],"points,":[132],"with":[133],"improvements":[134],"sustained":[135],"Qualitative":[139],"analysis":[140],"reflective":[142],"essays":[143],"further":[144],"clarified":[145],"mechanisms":[148,188],"underlying":[149],"these":[150],"gains,":[151],"highlighting":[152],"unlimited":[153],"access":[154],"to":[155],"authentic":[156],"resources":[157],"audiences,":[159],"strengthened":[160],"autonomy":[161],"locus":[163],"control,":[165],"improved":[167],"affective":[168],"engagement.":[169],"These":[170],"findings":[171],"establish":[172],"causally":[177],"effective":[178],"intervention":[179],"identify":[185],"specific":[187],"\u2013":[189,197],"resource":[190],"access,":[191],"learner":[192],"autonomy,":[193],"motivational":[195],"support":[196],"make":[199],"engagement":[202],"productive":[203],"beyond":[204],"classroom.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2026-08-29T00:00:00"}