{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204563600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usag405","title":"The Scales Have Tipped: U.S. Marine Corps Boot Camp Increases Muscle Mass and Reduces Body Fat in Recruits","display_name":"The Scales Have Tipped: U.S. Marine Corps Boot Camp Increases Muscle Mass and Reduces Body Fat in Recruits","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204563600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usag405","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660188"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/milmed/usag405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usag405","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usag405","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/milmed/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/milmed/usag405/70823172/usag405.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207859457","display_name":"Military Medicine","issn_l":"0026-4075","issn":["0026-4075","0096-6827","1930-613X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Military Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/milmed/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/milmed/usag405/70823172/usag405.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092972409","display_name":"Emily B. Kloss","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114662689","display_name":"Leidos (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/012cvds63","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114662689"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105790","display_name":"Naval Health Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01hzj5y23","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1312537475","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I4210105790","https://openalex.org/I4391768141"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emily Kloss","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leidos, Inc , San Diego, CA 92121,","Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center , San Diego, CA 92106,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leidos, Inc , San Diego, CA 92121,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114662689"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center , San Diego, CA 92106,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105790"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158724115","display_name":"Daniel Bennett","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114662689","display_name":"Leidos (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/012cvds63","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114662689"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105790","display_name":"Naval Health Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01hzj5y23","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1312537475","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I4210105790","https://openalex.org/I4391768141"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Bennett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leidos, Inc , San Diego, CA 92121,","Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center , San Diego, CA 92106,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leidos, Inc , San Diego, CA 92121,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114662689"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center , San Diego, CA 92106,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105790"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036501478","display_name":"Andrea C. Givens","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114662689","display_name":"Leidos (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/012cvds63","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114662689"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105790","display_name":"Naval Health Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01hzj5y23","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1312537475","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I4210105790","https://openalex.org/I4391768141"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea C Givens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leidos, Inc , San Diego, CA 92121,","Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center , San Diego, CA 92106,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leidos, Inc , San Diego, CA 92121,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114662689"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center , San Diego, CA 92106,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105790"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050376980","display_name":"Brenda A. Niederberger","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114662689","display_name":"Leidos (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/012cvds63","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114662689"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105790","display_name":"Naval Health Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01hzj5y23","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1312537475","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I4210105790","https://openalex.org/I4391768141"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brenda Niederberger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leidos, Inc , San Diego, CA 92121,","Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center , San Diego, CA 92106,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leidos, Inc , San Diego, CA 92121,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114662689"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center , San Diego, CA 92106,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105790"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080916008","display_name":"Laura J. Palombo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114662689","display_name":"Leidos (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/012cvds63","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114662689"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105790","display_name":"Naval Health Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01hzj5y23","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1312537475","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I4210105790","https://openalex.org/I4391768141"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura Palombo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leidos, Inc , San Diego, CA 92121,","Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center , San Diego, CA 92106,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leidos, Inc , San Diego, CA 92121,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114662689"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center , San Diego, CA 92106,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105790"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105877054","display_name":"Karen R. Kelly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1510-2985","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1510-2985"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105790","display_name":"Naval Health Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01hzj5y23","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1312537475","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I4210105790","https://openalex.org/I4391768141"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Karen R Kelly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center , San Diego, CA 92106,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1510-2985","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center , San Diego, CA 92106,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105790"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5105877054"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105790"],"apc_list":{"value":4748,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4748},"apc_paid":{"value":4748,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4748},"fwci":17.7764,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98896774,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12138","display_name":"Occupational Health and Performance","score":0.9458000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3609","display_name":"Occupational Therapy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12138","display_name":"Occupational Health and Performance","score":0.9458000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3609","display_name":"Occupational Therapy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12279","display_name":"Body Composition Measurement Techniques","score":0.05009999871253967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10157","display_name":"Sports Performance and Training","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-composition","display_name":"body composition","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-fat-percentage","display_name":"body fat percentage","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lean-body-mass","display_name":"lean body mass","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skeletal-muscle-mass","display_name":"skeletal muscle mass","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-mass-index-limitations","display_name":"body mass index limitations","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-readiness","display_name":"military preparedness","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-adaptation","display_name":"training effects","score":0.3930000066757202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33872192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864287","display_name":"Bioelectrical impedance analysis","level":3,"score":0.9398000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994327521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1954179","display_name":"Boot camp","level":2,"score":0.7633000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120863210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17064264","display_name":"Lean body mass","level":3,"score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993503589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193583","display_name":"Fat mass","level":3,"score":0.6553999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6255999803543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780221984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131191","display_name":"Body mass index","level":2,"score":0.5906000137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992343062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048687","display_name":"Muscle mass","level":2,"score":0.5587000250816345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40231798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333743","display_name":"Composition (language)","level":2,"score":0.4846000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992755834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116368","display_name":"Fat free mass","level":4,"score":0.43619999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84029825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4936981","display_name":"Body water","level":3,"score":0.41760000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.3968000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42407357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521","display_name":"Physiology","level":1,"score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140793950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091","display_name":"Animal science","level":1,"score":0.359499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780005051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797258","display_name":"Body fat percentage","level":3,"score":0.35760000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1787939","display_name":"Sarcopenia","level":2,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020755666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17064264","display_name":"Lean tissue","level":3,"score":0.3125999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147583825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620876","display_name":"Body weight","level":2,"score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992926266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q609370","display_name":"Adult male","level":2,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.30149999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020255362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747883","display_name":"Physical activity","level":2,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779959927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048687","display_name":"Skeletal muscle","level":2,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018396334","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6592648","display_name":"Activity monitor","level":3,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018708532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q713102","display_name":"Lower body","level":2,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994181892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Body segment","level":2,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82736064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623293","display_name":"Basal metabolic rate","level":2,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171687745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309252","display_name":"Physical fitness","level":2,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777501473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1796666","display_name":"Body surface area","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133165541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472094","display_name":"Exercise physiology","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992768293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623293","display_name":"Metabolic rate","level":2,"score":0.25270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/milmed/usag405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usag405","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usag405","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/milmed/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/milmed/usag405/70823172/usag405.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207859457","display_name":"Military Medicine","issn_l":"0026-4075","issn":["0026-4075","0096-6827","1930-613X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Military Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42660188","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660188","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Military medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/milmed/usag405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usag405","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usag405","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/milmed/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/milmed/usag405/70823172/usag405.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207859457","display_name":"Military Medicine","issn_l":"0026-4075","issn":["0026-4075","0096-6827","1930-613X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Military Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8560000061988831}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.7516071796417236}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0447fe631"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332923","display_name":"U.S. Navy","ror":"https://ror.org/03ar0mv07"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204563600.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204563600.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1951724000","https://openalex.org/W2023007573","https://openalex.org/W2159211602","https://openalex.org/W2168181659","https://openalex.org/W2326528036","https://openalex.org/W2618799427","https://openalex.org/W2757730319","https://openalex.org/W2774486220","https://openalex.org/W2906868959","https://openalex.org/W2999622127","https://openalex.org/W3013837707","https://openalex.org/W3119328980","https://openalex.org/W3119374185","https://openalex.org/W3162565171","https://openalex.org/W3203406271","https://openalex.org/W4200266525","https://openalex.org/W4212888426","https://openalex.org/W4213200126","https://openalex.org/W4220725700","https://openalex.org/W4220823204","https://openalex.org/W4318026421","https://openalex.org/W4323568946","https://openalex.org/W4388656479","https://openalex.org/W4389895664","https://openalex.org/W4392052245","https://openalex.org/W4399639995","https://openalex.org/W4405802347","https://openalex.org/W4410617777"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"INTRODUCTION:":[0],"The":[1,219],"United":[2],"States":[3],"Marine":[4],"Corps":[5],"(USMC)":[6],"enforces":[7],"body":[8,27,44,68,85,129,165,266,288,311],"composition":[9,86,98,130,166,267,289,312],"standards":[10,226,246,290],"to":[11,34,61,65,201,231,284,314],"optimize":[12],"readiness,":[13,319],"reduce":[14],"injury":[15],"risk,":[16],"and":[17,42,56,80,91,117,140,152,179,181,186,268,286,304,322],"enhance":[18],"lethality.":[19,324],"While":[20],"recruit":[21,318],"screening":[22,303],"has":[23],"relied":[24],"heavily":[25],"on":[26],"mass":[28,40,45,120],"index":[29],"(BMI),":[30],"this":[31],"metric":[32],"fails":[33],"capture":[35],"simultaneous":[36],"changes":[37],"in":[38,128,137,148,177,184,197,212,271],"fat":[39,69],"(FM)":[41],"lean":[43],"(LBM)":[46],"that":[47,264],"occur":[48],"during":[49],"training.":[50],"Limited":[51],"data":[52],"describe":[53],"how":[54],"male":[55,79],"female":[57,81],"recruits":[58,83,157,222,240,275],"physiologically":[59],"adapt":[60],"boot":[62,95,252,256],"camp":[63,124,203,233,257],"relative":[64],"current":[66],"age-dependent":[67],"percentage":[70],"(BF%)":[71],"standards.":[72],"MATERIALS":[73],"AND":[74],"METHODS:":[75],"One":[76],"hundred":[77],"sixty-one":[78],"USMC":[82,224,255],"completed":[84],"assessments":[87],"at":[88],"the":[89,107,132,298,306],"beginning":[90],"following":[92],"completion":[93,250],"of":[94,217,221,251,301,309],"camp.":[96,253],"Body":[97],"was":[99,193],"measured":[100],"using":[101],"bioelectrical":[102],"impedance":[103],"analysis":[104],"(InBody":[105],"770),":[106],"USMC-approved":[108],"assessment":[109,313],"tool.":[110],"Outcomes":[111],"included":[112],"BMI,":[113],"BF%,":[114],"FM,":[115],"LBM,":[116],"skeletal":[118],"muscle":[119],"(SMM).":[121],"RESULTS:":[122],"Boot":[123],"produced":[125],"favorable":[126],"shifts":[127],"across":[131,163,189],"cohort,":[133],"characterized":[134],"by":[135,249],"reductions":[136,176],"BF%":[138,178,225],"(-4.1%)":[139],"FM":[141,180],"(-2.9":[142],"kg),":[143],"as":[144,146,259],"well":[145],"increases":[147],"LBM":[149,185],"(+1.9":[150],"kg)":[151],"SMM":[153],"(+1.0":[154],"kg).":[155],"Female":[156,274],"demonstrated":[158],"significantly":[159,228],"greater":[160,182],"absolute":[161],"improvements":[162],"all":[164,239],"metrics":[167],"compared":[168],"with":[169,237],"males":[170],"(P":[171,204,234],"<":[172,205,235],".001),":[173,236],"including":[174],"larger":[175],"gains":[183],"SMM.":[187],"Combined":[188],"both":[190,272],"sexes,":[191],"there":[192,207],"a":[194],"significant":[195,277],"decrease":[196],"BMI":[198,214],"from":[199,229],"pre-":[200,230],"post-boot":[202,232],".001);":[206],"were":[208,242],"no":[209],"sex-specific":[210],"differences":[211],"overall":[213],"or":[215],"rate":[216],"change.":[218],"proportion":[220],"meeting":[223],"increased":[227],"nearly":[238],"who":[241],"initially":[243],"classified":[244],"outside":[245],"achieving":[247],"compliance":[248],"CONCLUSIONS:":[254],"functions":[258],"an":[260],"intense":[261],"physiological":[262,278],"intervention":[263],"improves":[265],"enhances":[269],"readiness":[270],"sexes.":[273],"underwent":[276],"training":[279,293,320],"adaptations,":[280],"reinforcing":[281],"their":[282],"capacity":[283],"meet":[285],"exceed":[287],"under":[291],"standardized":[292],"conditions.":[294],"These":[295],"findings":[296],"highlight":[297],"operational":[299],"limitations":[300],"BMI-based":[302],"support":[305],"continued":[307],"use":[308],"direct":[310],"more":[315],"accurately":[316],"evaluate":[317],"effectiveness,":[321],"force":[323]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-15T10:00:46.086208","created_date":"2026-08-29T00:00:00"}
