{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204546007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.25.747006","title":"Vision-language encoding models reveal an image-computable food-quality dimension in human occipitotemporal cortex","display_name":"Vision-language encoding models reveal an image-computable food-quality dimension in human occipitotemporal cortex","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204546007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.25.747006"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.08.25.747006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.25.747006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.25.747006","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/08/28/2026.08.25.747006.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/08/28/2026.08.25.747006.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017461366","display_name":"Giuseppe Marrazzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2853-4402","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2853-4402"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Marrazzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands","Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2853-4402","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057897150","display_name":"Anne Roefs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9935-1075","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9935-1075"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anne Roefs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9935-1075","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043153809","display_name":"Leonardo Pimpini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7579-0703","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7579-0703"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonardo Pimpini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7579-0703","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017461366"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.7836999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.7836999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12650","display_name":"Aesthetic Perception and Analysis","score":0.03999999910593033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.029500000178813934,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-quality","display_name":"food quality","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vision-language-models","display_name":"vision-language models","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clip-embeddings","display_name":"CLIP embeddings","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-coding","display_name":"neural coding","score":0.375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ventral-visual-cortex","display_name":"ventral visual cortex","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occipitotemporal-cortex","display_name":"occipitotemporal cortex","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naturalness","display_name":"naturalness","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-images","display_name":"food images","score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nutritional-perception","display_name":"nutritional perception","score":0.4009999930858612}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779345533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75785","display_name":"Visual cortex","level":2,"score":0.49720001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4489000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43529999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4311000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.42320001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41609999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.40700000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779918689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4002000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.36550000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.35120001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178253425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162668","display_name":"Visual perception","level":3,"score":0.32760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.326200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.3167000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.2955000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776559556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18717","display_name":"Orbitofrontal cortex","level":4,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152478114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660910","display_name":"Neurophysiology","level":2,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160086991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5939193","display_name":"Human visual system model","level":3,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79840881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1080497","display_name":"Lateralization of brain function","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.08.25.747006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.25.747006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.25.747006","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/08/28/2026.08.25.747006.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.08.25.747006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.25.747006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.25.747006","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/08/28/2026.08.25.747006.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/04jsz6e67"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204546007.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204546007.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1413048103","https://openalex.org/W1914401667","https://openalex.org/W1968177949","https://openalex.org/W1983208069","https://openalex.org/W1984453610","https://openalex.org/W1993901699","https://openalex.org/W2003386556","https://openalex.org/W2007226897","https://openalex.org/W2011589116","https://openalex.org/W2013223495","https://openalex.org/W2037707845","https://openalex.org/W2040036684","https://openalex.org/W2046499546","https://openalex.org/W2052644075","https://openalex.org/W2063353526","https://openalex.org/W2063951486","https://openalex.org/W2064073697","https://openalex.org/W2066722744","https://openalex.org/W2071756920","https://openalex.org/W2089632738","https://openalex.org/W2090490080","https://openalex.org/W2112620393","https://openalex.org/W2113619522","https://openalex.org/W2123544472","https://openalex.org/W2126693856","https://openalex.org/W2126810579","https://openalex.org/W2132845967","https://openalex.org/W2134394978","https://openalex.org/W2138790588","https://openalex.org/W2151721316","https://openalex.org/W2162950292","https://openalex.org/W2168217710","https://openalex.org/W2274405424","https://openalex.org/W2413066970","https://openalex.org/W2499800833","https://openalex.org/W2626283929","https://openalex.org/W2921373297","https://openalex.org/W2946677019","https://openalex.org/W2951583631","https://openalex.org/W2952534178","https://openalex.org/W2952662516","https://openalex.org/W2979357328","https://openalex.org/W3000386446","https://openalex.org/W4285809482","https://openalex.org/W4293044477","https://openalex.org/W4308294451","https://openalex.org/W4309167184","https://openalex.org/W4310113667","https://openalex.org/W4312181736","https://openalex.org/W4321003712","https://openalex.org/W4381325517","https://openalex.org/W4396852834","https://openalex.org/W4407793323","https://openalex.org/W4417184163","https://openalex.org/W7214318850"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7148402874","https://openalex.org/W7221608336","https://openalex.org/W7165928041","https://openalex.org/W610783037","https://openalex.org/W4381247819","https://openalex.org/W2018089899","https://openalex.org/W4304014474","https://openalex.org/W4291792370","https://openalex.org/W4402946798","https://openalex.org/W4293044477"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Perceived":[1],"calorie":[2,28,57],"content":[3],"contributes":[4],"to":[5,95,127,216,226],"neural":[6,96,132],"representational":[7],"structure":[8,35],"in":[9,145,156],"human":[10],"ventral":[11,137,147,157],"visual":[12,138,158],"cortex,":[13],"yet":[14],"it":[15],"remains":[16,225],"unclear":[17],"whether":[18,26],"this":[19,86,125],"reflects":[20],"an":[21,190],"abstract":[22,192],"nutritional":[23],"signal":[24],"or":[25],"perceived":[27,56,172],"is":[29,160,179],"largely":[30],"recoverable":[31,180],"from":[32,63,119,181,201],"the":[33,37,136,141],"visual-semantic":[34,76,129,183],"of":[36,177,194,204,212],"food":[38,49],"image":[39,68,77],"itself.":[40],"In":[41],"25":[42,205],"female":[43,206],"participants":[44,207],"who":[45],"passively":[46],"viewed":[47],"96":[48,213],"images":[50],"during":[51],"functional":[52],"MRI,":[53],"we":[54],"decomposed":[55],"ratings":[58],"into":[59],"a":[60,70,80,110,128,164,174,202,209],"component":[61,82,106,126],"predicted":[62],"CLIP":[64],"(Contrastive":[65],"Language-Image":[66],"Pretraining)":[67],"embeddings,":[69],"vision-language":[71],"model":[72],"that":[73,153],"captures":[74],"high-level":[75],"structure,":[78,184],"and":[79,112,121,171,219],"residual":[81],"not":[83],"captured":[84],"by":[85,163],"CLIP-based":[87],"prediction.":[88],"We":[89],"then":[90],"tested":[91],"their":[92],"respective":[93],"contributions":[94],"prediction":[97,133],"using":[98],"cross-validated":[99],"banded":[100],"ridge":[101],"encoding":[102,155],"models.":[103],"The":[104],"CLIP-predictable":[105],"organized":[107],"foods":[108,118],"along":[109,135],"processedness":[111],"naturalness":[113],"dimension,":[114],"separating":[115],"raw":[116],"single-ingredient":[117],"prepared":[120],"energy-dense":[122],"foods.":[123],"Adding":[124],"baseline":[130],"improved":[131],"progressively":[134],"hierarchy,":[139],"with":[140],"strongest":[142],"relative":[143],"contribution":[144],"higher-level":[146],"temporal":[148],"cortex.":[149],"These":[150],"findings":[151],"indicate":[152],"calorie-related":[154],"cortex":[159],"carried":[161],"mainly":[162],"shared":[165],"food-quality":[166],"axis":[167],"indexing":[168],"processedness,":[169],"naturalness,":[170],"healthiness,":[173],"substantial":[175],"part":[176],"which":[178],"image-computable":[182],"rather":[185],"than":[186],"providing":[187],"evidence":[188],"for":[189],"isolated":[191],"representation":[193],"caloric":[195],"magnitude.":[196],"Because":[197],"these":[198],"results":[199],"derive":[200],"reanalysis":[203],"viewing":[208],"fixed":[210],"set":[211],"images,":[214],"generalization":[215],"broader":[217],"populations":[218],"larger,":[220],"more":[221],"varied":[222],"stimulus":[223],"sets":[224],"be":[227],"established.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-08-29T00:00:00"}