{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204545382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.26727","title":"Amortized Neural SVD for XL-MIMO: Structure-Guided Factor Prediction for Beamforming and Multi-Stream Utility","display_name":"Amortized Neural SVD for XL-MIMO: Structure-Guided Factor Prediction for Beamforming and Multi-Stream Utility","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204545382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.26727"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.26727","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.26727","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.26727","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.26727","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148547045","display_name":"Yue Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136859","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04jn0td46","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Yue","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , 710049 , China","State Key Laboratory of ISN and School of Telecommunications Engineering , Xidian University , Xi'an , 710071 , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , 710049 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of ISN and School of Telecommunications Engineering , Xidian University , Xi'an , 710071 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827","https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148516231","display_name":"Yiyan Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136859","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04jn0td46","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Yiyan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , 710049 , China","State Key Laboratory of ISN and School of Telecommunications Engineering , Xidian University , Xi'an , 710071 , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , 710049 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of ISN and School of Telecommunications Engineering , Xidian University , Xi'an , 710071 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827","https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121301164","display_name":"Ruijin Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4403-9893","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4403-9893"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136859","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04jn0td46","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sun, Ruijin","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of ISN and School of Telecommunications Engineering , Xidian University , Xi'an , 710071 , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of ISN and School of Telecommunications Engineering , Xidian University , Xi'an , 710071 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827","https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130089014","display_name":"Honggang Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4486-5661","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4486-5661"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136859","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04jn0td46","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia, Honggang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of ISN and School of Telecommunications Engineering , Xidian University , Xi'an , 710071 , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of ISN and School of Telecommunications Engineering , Xidian University , Xi'an , 710071 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827","https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148535860","display_name":"Chen Gong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136859","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04jn0td46","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gong, Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of ISN and School of Telecommunications Engineering , Xidian University , Xi'an , 710071 , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of ISN and School of Telecommunications Engineering , Xidian University , Xi'an , 710071 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827","https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.37959998846054077,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.37959998846054077,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.17679999768733978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.14319999516010284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xl-mimo","display_name":"XL-MIMO","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-rank-matrix-factorization","display_name":"low-rank factorization","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"spectral efficiency","score":0.5040000081062317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22789450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420904","display_name":"Singular value decomposition","level":2,"score":0.8335000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6008999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.5681999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.5491999983787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42355184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361088","display_name":"Matrix decomposition","level":3,"score":0.5418000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5313000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4860999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188060507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653242","display_name":"QR decomposition","level":3,"score":0.47940000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109282560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4166054","display_name":"Singular value","level":3,"score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.4512999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.44110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.42170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.4036000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.392300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17349429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049914","display_name":"Matrix multiplication","level":3,"score":0.3698999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.35659998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.33309999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140532419","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249748","display_name":"Spectral radius","level":3,"score":0.3253999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187834632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188804","display_name":"Factorization","level":2,"score":0.31610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.30000001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144386022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332997","display_name":"Scale factor (cosmology)","level":5,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169756996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194919","display_name":"Eigendecomposition of a matrix","level":3,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159694833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2321565","display_name":"Iterative method","level":2,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158693339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190524","display_name":"Eigenvalues and eigenvectors","level":2,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2547999918460846}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.26727","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.26727","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.26727","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.26727","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.26727","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.26727","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.26727","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.26727","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.26727","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204545382.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204545382.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3180369283","https://openalex.org/W2283868853","https://openalex.org/W2984226960","https://openalex.org/W7160649106","https://openalex.org/W1993666580","https://openalex.org/W2091892586","https://openalex.org/W4229048280","https://openalex.org/W4416751227","https://openalex.org/W2182715223","https://openalex.org/W2993498426"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Singular":[0],"value":[1],"decomposition":[2,91],"(SVD)":[3],"is":[4],"a":[5,24,39,82],"core":[6],"operation":[7],"in":[8,81,151],"multiple-input":[9],"multiple-output":[10],"(MIMO)":[11],"beamforming,":[12,109],"but":[13],"the":[14,72,89,114,140],"cubic":[15],"complexity":[16],"of":[17,113],"standard":[18],"SVD":[19,47],"routines":[20],"can":[21],"lead":[22],"to":[23,32,54,65,93,102,136,147],"major":[25],"latency":[26],"bottleneck":[27],"as":[28,111],"array":[29],"dimensions":[30,134],"scale":[31],"extremely":[33,128],"large":[34],"sizes.":[35],"This":[36],"paper":[37],"presents":[38],"fully":[40],"learned":[41,161],"neural":[42],"operator":[43],"that":[44,139],"avoids":[45],"explicit":[46],"computation":[48],"by":[49,108],"directly":[50],"mapping":[51],"channel":[52],"matrices":[53],"truncated":[55],"low-rank":[56],"factors":[57,80],"for":[58,166],"precoder":[59],"and":[60,69,117,154],"combiner":[61],"design.":[62],"In":[63],"contrast":[64],"iterative":[66],"numerical":[67],"solvers":[68],"algorithm-unrolled":[70],"networks,":[71],"proposed":[73,141],"structure-aware":[74],"model,":[75],"termed":[76],"SVDNet,":[77],"produces":[78],"these":[79],"single":[83],"forward":[84],"pass":[85],"at":[86],"inference,":[87],"shifting":[88],"per-instance":[90],"cost":[92],"offline":[94],"training.":[95],"The":[96],"model":[97],"also":[98],"includes":[99],"lightweight":[100],"constraints":[101],"enforce":[103],"basic":[104],"algebraic":[105],"properties":[106],"required":[107],"such":[110],"semi-unitarity":[112],"singular":[115,119],"vectors":[116],"nonnegative":[118],"values,":[120],"without":[121],"invoking":[122],"matrix":[123,133],"factorization":[124],"kernels.":[125],"Experiments":[126],"on":[127],"large-scale":[129],"MIMO":[130],"channels":[131],"with":[132],"up":[135],"512*512":[137],"show":[138],"approach":[142],"achieves":[143],"spectral":[144],"efficiency":[145],"close":[146],"exact":[148],"SVD-based":[149],"beamforming":[150],"single-stream":[152],"transmission":[153],"consistently":[155],"improves":[156],"multi-stream":[157],"sum-rate":[158],"over":[159],"representative":[160],"baselines,":[162],"indicating":[163],"good":[164],"scalability":[165],"low-latency":[167],"wireless":[168],"processing.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-08-29T00:00:00"}