{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204490620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12962/j27213862.v9i2.10050","title":"Modeling Industrial and Maritime Sector Effects on Economic Growth in Riau Island Using GWNR-P Spline","display_name":"Modeling Industrial and Maritime Sector Effects on Economic Growth in Riau Island Using GWNR-P Spline","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204490620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12962/j27213862.v9i2.10050"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.12962/j27213862.v9i2.10050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12962/j27213862.v9i2.10050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.12962/j27213862.v9i2.10050","pdf_url":"https://journal.its.ac.id/index.php/inferensi/article/download/10050/9024","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216431","display_name":"Inferensi","issn_l":"0216-308X","issn":["0216-308X","2721-3862"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315238","host_organization_name":"Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (LP2M)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (LP2M)"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Inferensi","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://journal.its.ac.id/index.php/inferensi/article/download/10050/9024","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106971088","display_name":"Cinta Rizki Oktarina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3186-7220","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3186-7220"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405252984","display_name":"Institut Teknologi Batam","ror":"https://ror.org/006ennj27","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252984"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cinta Rizki Oktarina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Information Technology, Batam Institute of Technology, Batam, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Information Technology, Batam Institute of Technology, Batam, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405252984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062798291","display_name":"Andro Kurniawan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405252984","display_name":"Institut Teknologi Batam","ror":"https://ror.org/006ennj27","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252984"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andro Kurniawan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Information Technology, Batam Institute of Technology, Batam, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Information Technology, Batam Institute of Technology, Batam, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405252984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121655503","display_name":"Sandy Salomo Saruan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3654-8083","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3654-8083"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405252984","display_name":"Institut Teknologi Batam","ror":"https://ror.org/006ennj27","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252984"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandy Salomo Saruan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Information Technology, Batam Institute of Technology, Batam, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Information Technology, Batam Institute of Technology, Batam, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405252984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5144165829","display_name":"Putri Suci Aria","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405252984","display_name":"Institut Teknologi Batam","ror":"https://ror.org/006ennj27","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252984"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Putri Suci Aria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Information Technology, Batam Institute of Technology, Batam, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Information Technology, Batam Institute of Technology, Batam, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405252984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148418162","display_name":"Winalia Agwil","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I878454856","display_name":"Hasselt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04nbhqj75","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I878454856"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Winalia Agwil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Science Institute, Center for Statistics, Hasselt University, Agoralaan D, Diepenbeek, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science Institute, Center for Statistics, Hasselt University, Agoralaan D, Diepenbeek, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I878454856"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"2","first_page":"189","last_page":"197"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11911","display_name":"Spatial and Panel Data Analysis","score":0.9663000106811523,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11911","display_name":"Spatial and Panel Data Analysis","score":0.9663000106811523,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14051","display_name":"Regional Economic Trends and Sectoral Structure","score":0.026799999177455902,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12446","display_name":"Economic Growth and Fiscal Policies","score":0.002300000051036477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"economic growth","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-gross-domestic-product","display_name":"regional gross domestic product","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-force-participation-rate","display_name":"labour force participation rate","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manufacturing-industry","display_name":"manufacturing industry","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maritime-industry","display_name":"maritime industry","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-heterogeneity","display_name":"spatial heterogeneity","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/riau-islands","display_name":"Riau Islands","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natuna","display_name":"Natuna","score":0.6340000033378601}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.7258999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10390562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581809","display_name":"Spline (mechanical)","level":2,"score":0.6624000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114350782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12638","display_name":"Gross domestic product","level":2,"score":0.5496000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5475000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7546460","display_name":"Smoothing spline","level":4,"score":0.5382000207901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.49459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.42969998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4088999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776341274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2474103","display_name":"Gross Regional Product","level":2,"score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.3971000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27406209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6394203","display_name":"Kernel smoother","level":5,"score":0.3939000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779863119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6423048","display_name":"Knot (papermaking)","level":2,"score":0.38589999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.37770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777016058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574061","display_name":"Spatial distribution","level":2,"score":0.3515999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.335999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71134354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458825","display_name":"Kernel density estimation","level":3,"score":0.33559998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.334199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3334999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194648359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3318054","display_name":"Generalized additive model","level":2,"score":0.3287999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102366305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1097688","display_name":"Nonparametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.32249999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984755018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17118374","display_name":"Nonlinear model","level":3,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27181475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541014","display_name":"Cross-validation","level":2,"score":0.29159998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70136482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13583781","display_name":"A-weighting","level":3,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97144632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574062","display_name":"Spatial econometrics","level":2,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202353208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1167393","display_name":"Economic indicator","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.12962/j27213862.v9i2.10050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12962/j27213862.v9i2.10050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.12962/j27213862.v9i2.10050","pdf_url":"https://journal.its.ac.id/index.php/inferensi/article/download/10050/9024","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216431","display_name":"Inferensi","issn_l":"0216-308X","issn":["0216-308X","2721-3862"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315238","host_organization_name":"Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (LP2M)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (LP2M)"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Inferensi","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.12962/j27213862.v9i2.10050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12962/j27213862.v9i2.10050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.12962/j27213862.v9i2.10050","pdf_url":"https://journal.its.ac.id/index.php/inferensi/article/download/10050/9024","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216431","display_name":"Inferensi","issn_l":"0216-308X","issn":["0216-308X","2721-3862"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315238","host_organization_name":"Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (LP2M)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (LP2M)"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Inferensi","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.833299994468689,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204490620.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204490620.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2341371951","https://openalex.org/W2517502081","https://openalex.org/W4313238727","https://openalex.org/W4313529531","https://openalex.org/W4367316807","https://openalex.org/W4390119709","https://openalex.org/W4390511462","https://openalex.org/W4390585852","https://openalex.org/W4400379292","https://openalex.org/W4407112279","https://openalex.org/W4407355985","https://openalex.org/W4409708711","https://openalex.org/W4413961983","https://openalex.org/W7167436664"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2080518584","https://openalex.org/W4400468633","https://openalex.org/W2940196975","https://openalex.org/W4409468309","https://openalex.org/W3157669872","https://openalex.org/W3003252059","https://openalex.org/W3154868880","https://openalex.org/W7172006080","https://openalex.org/W7125383581","https://openalex.org/W3190537368"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Economic":[0],"growth":[1],"is":[2,10],"an":[3],"important":[4],"indicator":[5],"of":[6,23,78,86,98,116,169],"regional":[7],"development":[8],"and":[9,30,48,54,80,104,135,147,155,194],"influenced":[11],"by":[12,90],"various":[13],"socioeconomic":[14],"factors.":[15],"In":[16],"the":[17,21,24,36,61,91,101,110,119,124,141,144,166,178,187],"Riau":[18],"Islands":[19],"Province,":[20],"effects":[22,161],"Labor":[25],"Force":[26],"Participation":[27],"Rate":[28],"(LFPR)":[29],"Capture":[31],"Fishery":[32],"Production":[33],"Value":[34],"on":[35],"Gross":[37],"Regional":[38],"Domestic":[39],"Product":[40],"(GRDP)":[41],"percentage":[42],"distribution":[43],"may":[44],"vary":[45],"across":[46,133],"districts":[47,134],"cities":[49],"due":[50],"to":[51,64,174],"spatial":[52,138],"heterogeneity":[53,139],"nonlinear":[55,193],"relationships.":[56,67,197],"Therefore,":[57],"this":[58],"study":[59],"applies":[60],"GWNR-PSpline":[62,188],"model":[63,72,181,189],"analyze":[65],"these":[66],"The":[68,128],"optimal":[69],"Penalized":[70],"Spline":[71],"was":[73],"obtained":[74],"using":[75],"knot":[76],"points":[77],"67.83":[79],"15.67":[81],"with":[82],"a":[83],"smoothing":[84],"parameter":[85],"50,":[87],"as":[88],"indicated":[89],"minimum":[92,111],"Generalized":[93],"Cross":[94,112],"Validation":[95,113],"(GCV)":[96],"value":[97,115],"1245.917.":[99],"Subsequently,":[100],"Manhattan":[102],"distance":[103],"Bisquare":[105],"kernel":[106],"weighting":[107,126],"scheme":[108],"produced":[109],"(CV)":[114],"64.51,":[117],"indicating":[118,137],"lowest":[120],"prediction":[121],"error":[122],"among":[123],"evaluated":[125],"combinations.":[127],"estimated":[129],"local":[130,160,167],"parameters":[131],"varied":[132],"cities,":[136],"in":[140],"relationships":[142],"between":[143],"explanatory":[145],"variables":[146],"economic":[148],"growth.":[149],"Spatial":[150],"analysis":[151],"revealed":[152],"that":[153,186],"Natuna":[154],"Anambas":[156],"Island":[157],"exhibited":[158],"stronger":[159],"than":[162],"other":[163],"regions.":[164],"Furthermore,":[165],"coefficients":[168],"determination":[170],"ranged":[171],"from":[172],"0.3944":[173],"0.8603,":[175],"substantially":[176],"exceeding":[177],"global":[179],"P-Spline":[180],"(R2=0.158).":[182],"These":[183],"findings":[184],"demonstrate":[185],"effectively":[190],"captures":[191],"both":[192],"spatially":[195],"varying":[196]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-08-28T00:00:00"}