{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204489335","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su18178767","title":"The Digital Transformation of Societies: The Example of Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia in the ASEAN Economy","display_name":"The Digital Transformation of Societies: The Example of Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia in the ASEAN Economy","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204489335","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su18178767"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su18178767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su18178767","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su18178767","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su18178767","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063877036","display_name":"Barbara Siuta-Tokarska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9078-6243","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9078-6243"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23574469","display_name":"Krakow University of Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/0262te083","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23574469"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Barbara Siuta-Tokarska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics and Organization of Enterprises, Krakow University of Economics, 31-510 Krakow, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9078-6243","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics and Organization of Enterprises, Krakow University of Economics, 31-510 Krakow, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23574469"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008930034","display_name":"Dominik Kr\u0119\u017co\u0142ek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4333-9405","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4333-9405"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188922065","display_name":"University of Economics in Katowice","ror":"https://ror.org/01vxt3d40","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188922065"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominik Kr\u0119\u017co\u0142ek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Demography and Economic Statistics, University of Economics in Katowice, 40-287 Katowice, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4333-9405","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Demography and Economic Statistics, University of Economics in Katowice, 40-287 Katowice, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188922065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141208538","display_name":"Ahmad Haziq Ahmad Bakhtiar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Haziq Ahmad Bakhtiar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arshad Ayub Graduate Business School, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arshad Ayub Graduate Business School, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043283603","display_name":"Magdalena Belniak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7478-5531","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7478-5531"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23574469","display_name":"Krakow University of Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/0262te083","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23574469"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Magdalena Belniak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics and Organization of Enterprises, Krakow University of Economics, 31-510 Krakow, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7478-5531","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics and Organization of Enterprises, Krakow University of Economics, 31-510 Krakow, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23574469"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053854820","display_name":"Konrad Kolegowicz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-550X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-550X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23574469","display_name":"Krakow University of Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/0262te083","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23574469"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konrad Kolegowicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics and Organization of Enterprises, Krakow University of Economics, 31-510 Krakow, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-550X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics and Organization of Enterprises, Krakow University of Economics, 31-510 Krakow, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23574469"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060405750","display_name":"Tomasz Kusio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0508-6520","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0508-6520"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23574469","display_name":"Krakow University of Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/0262te083","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23574469"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomasz Kusio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economic Policy and Development Programming, Krakow University of Economics, 31-510 Krakow, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0508-6520","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economic Policy and Development Programming, Krakow University of Economics, 31-510 Krakow, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23574469"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043283603","https://openalex.org/A5063877036"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23574469"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66334425,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"17","first_page":"8767","last_page":"8767"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12958","display_name":"Digital Economy and Transformation","score":0.7124000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12958","display_name":"Digital Economy and Transformation","score":0.7124000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11499","display_name":"ICT Impact and Policies","score":0.15760000050067902,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13066","display_name":"Information Society and Technology Trends","score":0.09239999949932098,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-transformation","display_name":"digital transformation","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-divide","display_name":"digital divide","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-skills","display_name":"digital skills","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-access","display_name":"digital access","score":0.5210000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-capital","display_name":"human capital","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asean","display_name":"ASEAN","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malaysia","display_name":"Malaysia","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thailand","display_name":"Thailand","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indonesia","display_name":"Indonesia","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-maturity","display_name":"digital maturity","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-ecosystems","display_name":"digital ecosystems","score":0.574999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-policy","display_name":"digital policy","score":0.42100000381469727}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126082660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4252370","display_name":"Digital transformation","level":2,"score":0.7394999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70587473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834111","display_name":"Transformative learning","level":2,"score":0.6675000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74363100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005","display_name":"Economic system","level":1,"score":0.48559999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137996800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q762702","display_name":"Technological change","level":2,"score":0.4399000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203043789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138461","display_name":"Digital economy","level":2,"score":0.43209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68062652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214693","display_name":"Social capital","level":2,"score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776943663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687","display_name":"Human capital","level":2,"score":0.42309999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.4077000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.39809998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173655357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244752","display_name":"Digital divide","level":3,"score":0.3808000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779308522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843958","display_name":"Digitization","level":2,"score":0.3797999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.36970001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62760934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7551419","display_name":"Social transformation","level":3,"score":0.35899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.34119999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38775462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569376","display_name":"Transformational leadership","level":2,"score":0.3352999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779641649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18377767","display_name":"Human Dimension","level":3,"score":0.33149999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3174000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206836424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1510761","display_name":"Social change","level":2,"score":0.3122999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.30559998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.305400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3037000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67363961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5268834","display_name":"Information and Communications Technology","level":2,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58546491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1150207","display_name":"Competitive advantage","level":2,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83646750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893","display_name":"Capital (architecture)","level":2,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778132726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096872","display_name":"Digital Revolution","level":2,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.25279998779296875}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/su18178767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su18178767","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su18178767","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su18178767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su18178767","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su18178767","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7379999756813049}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5969361066818237}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331362","display_name":"Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Krakowie","ror":"https://ror.org/0262te083"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1484750607","https://openalex.org/W1557790403","https://openalex.org/W1797327777","https://openalex.org/W1873175055","https://openalex.org/W1990890653","https://openalex.org/W2018764772","https://openalex.org/W2031159126","https://openalex.org/W2031236081","https://openalex.org/W2059700429","https://openalex.org/W2066185216","https://openalex.org/W2070665593","https://openalex.org/W2075763914","https://openalex.org/W2110065044","https://openalex.org/W2110132657","https://openalex.org/W2111093795","https://openalex.org/W2117178635","https://openalex.org/W2127081335","https://openalex.org/W2139654770","https://openalex.org/W2145915533","https://openalex.org/W2162513636","https://openalex.org/W2178659982","https://openalex.org/W2318680928","https://openalex.org/W2476960546","https://openalex.org/W2533551893","https://openalex.org/W2610102381","https://openalex.org/W2735791018","https://openalex.org/W2783489174","https://openalex.org/W2789444712","https://openalex.org/W2888949376","https://openalex.org/W2892254122","https://openalex.org/W2904852426","https://openalex.org/W2912800036","https://openalex.org/W2955156490","https://openalex.org/W2964866859","https://openalex.org/W2978346165","https://openalex.org/W3044444840","https://openalex.org/W3048777931","https://openalex.org/W3094068096","https://openalex.org/W3128239525","https://openalex.org/W3177056073","https://openalex.org/W3193399299","https://openalex.org/W4206555761","https://openalex.org/W4237047286","https://openalex.org/W4241727697","https://openalex.org/W4252684946","https://openalex.org/W4281675123","https://openalex.org/W4288046838","https://openalex.org/W4311599409","https://openalex.org/W4318447339","https://openalex.org/W4322704429","https://openalex.org/W4384155980","https://openalex.org/W4412647449","https://openalex.org/W7163400864"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0,147],"transformation":[1,93,302],"has":[2,42],"emerged":[3],"as":[4,48,76,87,251],"one":[5],"of":[6,11,23,34,70,91,121,138,149,185,194,212,219,256,286],"the":[7,21,31,67,81,117,135,139,181,233,244,266,294,297],"most":[8],"influential":[9],"drivers":[10],"contemporary":[12],"socio-economic":[13],"change,":[14],"shaping":[15],"development":[16,72,119,327],"trajectories,":[17],"social":[18,68],"resilience,":[19],"and":[20,94,103,124,129,155,171,183,240,278,319,328],"capacity":[22],"societies":[24],"to":[25,27,45,111,134,265,311,320],"adapt":[26],"external":[28],"shocks.":[29],"Despite":[30],"growing":[32],"body":[33],"research":[35],"on":[36,58,300],"digital":[37,71,92,101,118,197,203,213,231,238,257,301,317,330],"transformation,":[38,65],"relatively":[39],"little":[40],"attention":[41,133],"been":[43],"devoted":[44],"societal":[46,85,186,276],"digitalization":[47,86,277],"a":[49,96,162,195,227,252,270,281,305],"distinct":[50],"analytical":[51],"category.":[52],"Existing":[53],"approaches":[54],"remain":[55],"largely":[56],"focused":[57],"technological":[59,112],"infrastructure,":[60],"economic":[61],"performance,":[62],"or":[63,215],"organizational":[64],"while":[66],"dimension":[69,90],"is":[73,159],"frequently":[74],"treated":[75],"secondary.":[77],"Addressing":[78],"this":[79,143],"gap,":[80],"present":[82],"study":[83,115,263],"conceptualizes":[84],"an":[88,145],"autonomous":[89],"advances":[95],"human-centred":[97],"perspective":[98],"that":[99,200,226,308],"emphasizes":[100],"capabilities":[102],"meaningful":[104,241,329],"technology":[105,220],"use":[106],"rather":[107],"than":[108,259],"mere":[109],"access":[110,204],"resources.":[113],"The":[114,157,173,222,262],"examines":[116],"trajectories":[120],"Indonesia,":[122],"Malaysia,":[123],"Thailand":[125],"(ASEAN-3)":[126],"between":[127],"2016":[128],"2023,":[130],"with":[131,324],"particular":[132],"transformative":[136],"effects":[137],"COVID-19":[140],"pandemic.":[141],"To":[142],"end,":[144],"original":[146],"Development":[148],"Society":[150],"(DDS)":[151],"Index":[152],"was":[153],"developed":[154],"applied.":[156],"index":[158],"grounded":[160],"in":[161,179,202,230,290,315],"hierarchical":[163],"framework":[164,273,307],"encompassing":[165],"three":[166],"interrelated":[167],"dimensions:":[168],"Access,":[169],"Skills,":[170],"Use.":[172],"findings":[174,295],"reveal":[175],"substantial":[176],"cross-country":[177],"differences":[178],"both":[180],"level":[182],"structure":[184],"digitalization.":[187],"More":[188],"importantly,":[189],"they":[190],"provide":[191],"empirical":[192],"evidence":[193],"second-level":[196],"divide,":[198],"demonstrating":[199],"improvements":[201],"do":[205],"not":[206],"automatically":[207],"translate":[208],"into":[209],"higher":[210],"levels":[211],"competence":[214],"more":[216,253],"advanced":[217],"forms":[218],"utilization.":[221],"results":[223],"further":[224],"indicate":[225],"structural":[228,288,313],"shift":[229],"development\u2014moving":[232],"focus":[234],"from":[235],"connectivity":[236],"towards":[237],"skills":[239],"use\u2014accelerated":[242],"during":[243],"2020\u20132023":[245],"period.":[246],"Consequently,":[247],"human":[248,325],"capital":[249,326],"emerges":[250],"decisive":[254],"determinant":[255],"maturity":[258],"infrastructure":[260,322],"alone.":[261],"contributes":[264],"literature":[267],"by":[268,279,303],"offering":[269],"new":[271],"conceptual":[272],"for":[274],"understanding":[275],"introducing":[280],"multidimensional":[282],"measurement":[283],"tool":[284],"capable":[285],"identifying":[287],"bottlenecks":[289,314],"socio-digital":[291],"development.":[292],"Furthermore,":[293],"extend":[296],"policy":[298],"debate":[299],"providing":[304],"diagnostic":[306],"enables":[309],"policymakers":[310],"identify":[312],"national":[316],"ecosystems":[318],"align":[321],"investments":[323],"participation.":[331]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-08T09:06:37.294493","created_date":"2026-08-28T00:00:00"}
