{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204488393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-67720-6","title":"Assessing spatiotemporal dynamics and drivers of ecological environment quality using RSEI in the Bayannur region of the Three-North Shelter Forest Program, China","display_name":"Assessing spatiotemporal dynamics and drivers of ecological environment quality using RSEI in the Bayannur region of the Three-North Shelter Forest Program, China","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204488393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-67720-6"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-67720-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-67720-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-67720-6","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-67720-6_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-67720-6_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067843255","display_name":"Suriguge","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092459","display_name":"Hetao College","ror":"https://ror.org/00hgh4525","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092459"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suriguge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hetao College, Bayannur, 015000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hetao College, Bayannur, 015000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092459"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148457627","display_name":"Xinhai Yu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092459","display_name":"Hetao College","ror":"https://ror.org/00hgh4525","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092459"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xinhai Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hetao College, Bayannur, 015000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hetao College, Bayannur, 015000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092459"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148471074","display_name":"Zhenyang Ma","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28813325","display_name":"Civil Aviation University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/03je71k37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28813325"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenyang Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Innovation Research Institute of Civil Aviation, University of China, Tianjin, 300300, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innovation Research Institute of Civil Aviation, University of China, Tianjin, 300300, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28813325"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133955549","display_name":"Donghui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1690-4886","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1690-4886"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194716290","display_name":"China Academy of Space Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/025397a59","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194716290","https://openalex.org/I2802615301"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donghui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Remote Sensing Satellite, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing, 100094, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Remote Sensing Satellite, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing, 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5148457627"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092459"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66074414,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13203","display_name":"Environmental Changes in China","score":0.6782000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13203","display_name":"Environmental Changes in China","score":0.6782000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.23690000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.032999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing-ecological-index","display_name":"remote sensing ecological index","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eco-environmental-quality","display_name":"ecological environment quality","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-scale-ecological-restoration","display_name":"large-scale ecological restoration","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatiotemporal-dynamics","display_name":"spatiotemporal dynamics","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driving-forces","display_name":"driving factors","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precipitation","display_name":"precipitation","score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevation","display_name":"altitude","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dryland-restoration","display_name":"dryland restoration","score":0.45100000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecological-fragility","display_name":"ecological fragility","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodetector","display_name":"Geodetector","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landsat","display_name":"Landsat","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modis","display_name":"MODIS","score":0.996999979019165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5680999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.5472000241279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.5281999707221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.5192999839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.48590001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.42750000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.37459999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.35199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780797713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625376","display_name":"Water quality","level":2,"score":0.3497999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779628075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1253258","display_name":"Downgrade","level":2,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194051981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1337691","display_name":"Economic shortage","level":3,"score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019292933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q237901","display_name":"Tarim river","level":3,"score":0.320499986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69661492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1447141","display_name":"Transect","level":2,"score":0.3188999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158709400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3578586","display_name":"Spatial ecology","level":2,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.2955999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197046000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561","display_name":"Snow","level":2,"score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56095865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2384419","display_name":"Afforestation","level":2,"score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78437154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2428433","display_name":"Restoration ecology","level":2,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781291010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178580","display_name":"Period (music)","level":2,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94747663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574086","display_name":"Spatial variability","level":2,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199491958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737514","display_name":"Global change","level":3,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25511272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295136","display_name":"Ecological study","level":3,"score":0.2583000063896179}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-67720-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-67720-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-67720-6","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-67720-6_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-67720-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-67720-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-67720-6","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-67720-6_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.5351999998092651}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land","score":0.7128672003746033}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G198920025","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024ZD18","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322868","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G729656625","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61901162","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322868","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204488393.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204488393.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Quantitative":[1],"assessment":[2],"of":[3,82,92,104,115,135,228,246],"ecological":[4,13,162,199],"environment":[5],"quality":[6],"dynamics":[7],"is":[8,249],"fundamental":[9],"to":[10,23,38,51,71,180,186,190,214,220,240],"evaluating":[11],"large-scale":[12],"restoration.":[14],"This":[15],"study":[16],"applied":[17],"the":[18,24,74,83,101,113,172,203,233,250],"Remote":[19],"Sensing":[20],"Ecological":[21],"Index":[22],"Three-North":[25],"Shelter":[26],"Forest":[27],"Program\u2019s":[28],"Bayannur":[29],"section":[30],"using":[31],"Landsat":[32],"and":[33,47,55,110,150,188,195,230,264],"MODIS":[34],"imagery":[35],"from":[36,69,184],"2002":[37],"2022.":[39],"Theil-Sen":[40],"trend":[41,141],"analysis,":[42],"Mann\u2013Kendall":[43],"testing,":[44],"transition":[45],"matrices,":[46],"Geodetector":[48],"were":[49],"used":[50],"characterize":[52],"spatiotemporal":[53],"changes":[54],"quantify":[56],"driving":[57],"factors.":[58],"Key":[59],"findings":[60],"are":[61],"as":[62,161],"follows.":[63],"The":[64,88,164,226],"regional":[65],"mean":[66],"RSEI":[67,208],"increased":[68],"0.46":[70],"0.48,":[72],"but":[73],"Fair":[75,165,191],"grade":[76,166,174],"consistently":[77],"covered":[78],"over":[79],"70":[80,133],"percent":[81,134,169,194],"area,":[84],"indicating":[85],"limited":[86],"recovery.":[87],"2013":[89],"summer":[90],"minimum":[91],"0.36":[93],"was":[94],"caused":[95],"by":[96,217],"anomalous":[97],"hydrometeorological":[98],"conditions,":[99],"while":[100,171,222],"2018":[102,179],"peak":[103],"0.52":[105],"coincided":[106],"with":[107,128,144],"above-average":[108],"precipitation":[109,218,229],"fell":[111],"within":[112],"period":[114],"intensive":[116],"TNSFP":[117,262],"implementation,":[118],"suggesting":[119,242],"a":[120],"potential":[121],"synergistic":[122],"effect":[123,236],"that":[124,243],"warrants":[125],"further":[126],"investigation":[127],"direct":[129],"afforestation":[130],"data.":[131],"Over":[132],"pixels":[136],"showed":[137,175,202],"no":[138],"statistically":[139],"significant":[140,145],"(|Z|<":[142],"1.96),":[143],"improvements":[146],"concentrated":[147],"in":[148,267],"eastern":[149],"central-southern":[151],"oasis":[152],"zones;":[153],"however,":[154],"non-significant":[155],"trends":[156],"should":[157],"not":[158],"be":[159],"interpreted":[160],"stability.":[163],"had":[167],"91.90":[168],"self-retention,":[170],"Moderate":[173,187,189],"high":[176],"mobility.":[177],"During":[178],"2022,":[181],"downgrade":[182],"probabilities":[183],"Good":[185],"reached":[192],"24.47":[193],"67.57":[196],"percent,":[197],"highlighting":[198],"fragility.":[200],"Elevation":[201],"largest":[204],"explanatory":[205],"power":[206],"for":[207,260],"spatial":[209,252],"heterogeneity":[210],"(q":[211,237],"values":[212,238],"0.270":[213],"0.494),":[215],"followed":[216],"(0.227":[219],"0.379),":[221],"temperature":[223],"influence":[224],"weakened.":[225],"interaction":[227],"elevation":[231],"produced":[232],"strongest":[234],"pairwise":[235],"0.578":[239],"0.750),":[241],"elevational":[244],"stratification":[245],"water":[247],"availability":[248],"primary":[251],"association":[253],"pattern.":[254],"These":[255],"results":[256],"provide":[257],"robust":[258],"evidence":[259],"assessing":[261],"outcomes":[263],"adaptive":[265],"governance":[266],"drylands.":[268]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2026-08-28T00:00:00"}