{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204473227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-02210-w","title":"Three weapons, three regimes of order: per-touch skill transmission and the structural predictability of fencing tournaments","display_name":"Three weapons, three regimes of order: per-touch skill transmission and the structural predictability of fencing tournaments","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204473227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-02210-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13102-026-02210-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-02210-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-02210-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191135","display_name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","issn_l":"2052-1847","issn":["2052-1847"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-02210-w","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148447112","display_name":"Naci Kalkan\u00b9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4382-3210","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4382-3210"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16748637","display_name":"Manisa Celal Bayar University","ror":"https://ror.org/053f2w588","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16748637"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naci Kalkan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4382-3210","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16748637"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148441698","display_name":"Emre G\u00fcrb\u00fcz\u00b2","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1205-9387","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1205-9387"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802529618","display_name":"Istanbul Topkapi University","ror":"https://ror.org/00g241p78","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802529618"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Emre G\u00fcrb\u00fcz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Graduate Studies, Istanbul Topkap\u0131 University, Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1205-9387","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Graduate Studies, Istanbul Topkap\u0131 University, Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802529618"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079575455","display_name":"Metehan \u00d6ZSOY","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9145-6537","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9145-6537"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16748637","display_name":"Manisa Celal Bayar University","ror":"https://ror.org/053f2w588","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16748637"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Metehan \u00d6zsoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Graduate Studies, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9145-6537","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Graduate Studies, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16748637"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148469985","display_name":"Said Enes Y\u0131lmaz\u00b9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1552-5525","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1552-5525"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16748637","display_name":"Manisa Celal Bayar University","ror":"https://ror.org/053f2w588","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16748637"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Said Enes Y\u0131lmaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1552-5525","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16748637"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5148441698"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802529618"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11674","display_name":"Sports Analytics and Performance","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11674","display_name":"Sports Analytics and Performance","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10157","display_name":"Sports Performance and Training","score":0.006800000090152025,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10813","display_name":"Sport Psychology and Performance","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epee","display_name":"epee","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foil","display_name":"foil","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sabre","display_name":"sabre","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intransitivity","display_name":"intransitivity","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elimination-tournaments","display_name":"elimination tournaments","score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sports-ranking","display_name":"sports ranking","score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition-design","display_name":"competition design","score":0.4180000126361847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197640229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2534066","display_name":"Predictability","level":2,"score":0.8716999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48515440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5443009","display_name":"Fencing","level":2,"score":0.7447999715805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777582232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5013414","display_name":"CONTEST","level":2,"score":0.5695000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.5016999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4537000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.42170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4058000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160798450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4230870","display_name":"Concordance","level":2,"score":0.3905999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3824999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.36959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.33399999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3285999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136975688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1320634","display_name":"Tournament","level":2,"score":0.32659998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.3262999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.3163999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149617267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827512","display_name":"Warhead","level":2,"score":0.2825999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.28119999170303345}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13102-026-02210-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-02210-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-02210-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191135","display_name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","issn_l":"2052-1847","issn":["2052-1847"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10558072/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10558072/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10558072/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10558072/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13102-026-02210-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-02210-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-02210-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191135","display_name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","issn_l":"2052-1847","issn":["2052-1847"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204473227.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204473227.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1985514943","https://openalex.org/W1986707602","https://openalex.org/W2013784666","https://openalex.org/W2022838594","https://openalex.org/W2050348316","https://openalex.org/W2071270167","https://openalex.org/W2074184241","https://openalex.org/W2076317754","https://openalex.org/W2079486591","https://openalex.org/W2081731915","https://openalex.org/W2129280541","https://openalex.org/W2131960698","https://openalex.org/W2165181820","https://openalex.org/W2519854256","https://openalex.org/W2577537660","https://openalex.org/W2749069611","https://openalex.org/W3007052498","https://openalex.org/W3087508398","https://openalex.org/W3097265057","https://openalex.org/W3120489186","https://openalex.org/W3136469616","https://openalex.org/W4229029466","https://openalex.org/W4255216531","https://openalex.org/W4294324433","https://openalex.org/W4309631995","https://openalex.org/W4319599997","https://openalex.org/W4379053422","https://openalex.org/W4384564894","https://openalex.org/W4387207800","https://openalex.org/W4400903643","https://openalex.org/W4404090999","https://openalex.org/W4414059231","https://openalex.org/W4415310249","https://openalex.org/W7111195330","https://openalex.org/W7163077713"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4229029466","https://openalex.org/W4205752346","https://openalex.org/W3212283509","https://openalex.org/W1587732783","https://openalex.org/W4404318277","https://openalex.org/W7215351671","https://openalex.org/W2548251632","https://openalex.org/W6941189616","https://openalex.org/W2081731915","https://openalex.org/W2370530174"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Competitive":[0],"predictability":[1],"depends":[2],"both":[3],"on":[4,11,220],"how":[5,12],"rules":[6],"resolve":[7],"a":[8,30,113,136,221,234,296],"contest":[9],"and":[10,49,85,89,101,112,147,151,163,182,186,196,248,274,286],"tournament":[13,231],"structure":[14],"converts":[15],"results":[16,117],"into":[17,127],"rankings.":[18],"Olympic":[19],"fencing":[20],"permits":[21],"an":[22,102,279],"observational":[23,336],"comparison":[24],"of":[25,198,298,311],"three":[26,317],"weapons":[27,318],"that":[28,272],"share":[29],"broadly":[31],"common":[32],"format":[33],"but":[34],"differ":[35],"in":[36,157,177,184,209,243,246,250,327],"scoring.":[37],"We":[38,52],"examined":[39],"whether":[40],"their":[41,265,321],"ordering":[42,226,236],"is":[43,293],"consistent":[44],"across":[45],"pools,":[46,82],"individual":[47],"touches":[48],"elimination":[50,94,129],"outcomes.":[51],"assembled":[53],"158,652":[54],"pool":[55,225],"bouts":[56],"from":[57,118,320],"474":[58],"International":[59],"Fencing":[60],"Federation":[61],"Junior":[62],"World":[63],"Cup":[64],"competitions,":[65],"2015\u20132026.":[66],"The":[67,170,224],"primary":[68],"ability":[69,91],"measure":[70],"was":[71,173,207,241],"pre-event":[72],"FIE":[73],"ranking":[74],"points.":[75],"Three":[76],"analyses":[77],"measured":[78],"cyclic":[79],"triads":[80],"within":[81],"fitted":[83,190,305,322],"independent-touch":[84],"co-scoring":[86,171,307],"race-to-five":[87],"likelihoods,":[88],"compared":[90],"with":[92,252],"the":[93,140,189,253,289,299,304],"round":[95],"reached.":[96],"Competition":[97],"bootstraps":[98],"quantified":[99],"uncertainty,":[100],"adaptive-quadrature":[103],"hierarchical":[104],"model":[105,191],"described":[106],"between-competition":[107],"variation.":[108],"Direct":[109],"cross-round":[110,239,287],"concordance":[111,240],"signed-pair":[114],"decomposition":[115],"separated":[116],"within-round":[119,261],"seeding":[120,258],"order.":[121],"Pool-fitted":[122],"slopes":[123],"were":[124],"also":[125],"propagated":[126],"complete-data":[128],"tableaux.":[130],"An":[131],"equal-strength":[132,290],"bracket":[133,291],"simulation":[134],"provided":[135],"structural":[137],"reference":[138,292],"for":[139,194,309],"recoded":[141,301],"outcome.":[142],"Cyclicity":[143],"ranked":[144],"\u00e9p\u00e9e,":[145,244],"sabre":[146],"foil":[148,185,210,247],"(14.5%,":[149],"12.4%":[150],"10.3%),":[152],"whereas":[153],"per-touch":[154,314],"transmission":[155],"ran":[156],"reverse":[158],"(\u03b2":[159],"=":[160,212],"0.403,":[161],"0.527":[162],"0.645);":[164],"all":[165],"pairwise":[166],"differences":[167],"excluded":[168],"zero.":[169],"parameter":[172],"estimated":[174],"at":[175,230],"9.34%":[176],"\u00e9p\u00e9e":[178],"(95%":[179],"CI":[180],"8.72\u20139.98)":[181],"zero":[183],"sabre;":[187],"under":[188],"it":[192],"accounted":[193],"36%":[195],"71%":[197],"\u00e9p\u00e9e\u2019s":[199,312],"slope":[200],"deficits,":[201],"without":[202],"eliminating":[203],"them.":[204],"Between-competition":[205],"dispersion":[206],"largest":[208],"(\u03c3":[211],"0.205;":[213],"95%":[214],"credible":[215],"interval":[216],"0.177\u20130.235),":[217],"though":[218],"not":[219,228],"scale-free":[222],"measure.":[223],"did":[227],"recur":[229],"level,":[232],"where":[233],"different":[235],"appeared:":[237],"direct":[238,275],"0.694":[242],"0.674":[245],"0.645":[249],"sabre,":[251],"foil\u2013\u00e9p\u00e9e":[254],"contrast":[255],"unresolved.":[256],"Post-pool":[257],"partly":[259],"determines":[260],"published":[262],"classification,":[263],"making":[264],"apparent":[266],"agreement":[267],"self-referential.":[268],"Earned-tier":[269],"recoding":[270],"removes":[271],"ordering,":[273],"pair":[276],"counting":[277],"avoids":[278],"invalid":[280],"equality":[281],"between":[282],"normalized":[283],"Kendall":[284],"correlation":[285],"concordance;":[288],"nonetheless":[294],"about":[295],"fifth":[297],"observed":[300],"concordance.":[302],"Under":[303],"model,":[306],"accounts":[308],"part":[310],"lower":[313],"transmission.":[315],"All":[316],"depart":[319],"two-route":[323],"references,":[324],"positively":[325],"only":[326],"\u00e9p\u00e9e;":[328],"final":[329],"scores":[330],"cannot":[331],"identify":[332],"temporal":[333],"dependence.":[334],"These":[335],"findings":[337],"support":[338],"careful":[339],"outcome":[340],"definition":[341],"rather":[342],"than":[343],"causal":[344],"attribution.":[345]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-08-28T00:00:00"}
