{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204470952","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/emr.2026.3728238","title":"How Focal Firms Build Platform Ecosystems: Patterns of Governance and Complementor Orientation","display_name":"How Focal Firms Build Platform Ecosystems: Patterns of Governance and Complementor Orientation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204470952","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/emr.2026.3728238"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/emr.2026.3728238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/emr.2026.3728238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/emr.2026.3728238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S60973665","display_name":"IEEE Engineering Management Review","issn_l":"0360-8581","issn":["0360-8581","1937-4178"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Engineering Management Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/emr.2026.3728238","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146533942","display_name":"Ali Panahi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9348-8337","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9348-8337"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200432940","display_name":"Allameh Tabataba'i University","ror":"https://ror.org/02cc4gc68","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200432940"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Panahi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Allameh Tabataba'i University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9348-8337","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Allameh Tabataba'i University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200432940"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026183251","display_name":"Soroush Ghazinoori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6356-0257","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6356-0257"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200432940","display_name":"Allameh Tabataba'i University","ror":"https://ror.org/02cc4gc68","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200432940"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soroush Ghazinoori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Allameh Tabataba'i University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6356-0257","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Allameh Tabataba'i University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200432940"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200432940"],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"fwci":6.2859,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93919351,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10003","display_name":"Innovation and Knowledge Management","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13402","display_name":"Business Strategy and Innovation","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/platform-ecosystems","display_name":"platform ecosystems","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/platform-governance","display_name":"platform governance","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complementors","display_name":"complementors","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value-capture","display_name":"value capture","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-effects","display_name":"network effects","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innovation-dynamics","display_name":"innovation dynamics","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecological-resilience","display_name":"ecosystem resilience","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/platform-growth","display_name":"platform growth","score":0.42500001192092896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.7383999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6967999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.5677000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.5041000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.40869998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.36910000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6770823","display_name":"Market orientation","level":2,"score":0.3513000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.34790000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.3075000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.27000001072883606}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/emr.2026.3728238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/emr.2026.3728238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/emr.2026.3728238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S60973665","display_name":"IEEE Engineering Management Review","issn_l":"0360-8581","issn":["0360-8581","1937-4178"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Engineering Management Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/emr.2026.3728238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/emr.2026.3728238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/emr.2026.3728238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S60973665","display_name":"IEEE Engineering Management Review","issn_l":"0360-8581","issn":["0360-8581","1937-4178"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Engineering Management Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7172333076","https://openalex.org/W3195211302","https://openalex.org/W3157887202","https://openalex.org/W3184972894","https://openalex.org/W7072049662","https://openalex.org/W3043832991","https://openalex.org/W7130295541","https://openalex.org/W2988384763","https://openalex.org/W7211882471","https://openalex.org/W3121134811"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Platform":[0],"ecosystems":[1,27,55,147,179],"have":[2],"become":[3],"a":[4,68,136,191],"dominant":[5],"way":[6],"for":[7,208],"firms":[8,49],"to":[9,63,107,120,211,217],"create":[10],"and":[11,42,52,84,98,110,124,155,171,201,214,221],"capture":[12],"value":[13,43,125],"by":[14,56],"coordinating":[15],"networks":[16],"of":[17,34,92,138,152,194],"independent":[18],"but":[19],"interdependent":[20],"actors.":[21],"Despite":[22],"their":[23,30],"potential,":[24],"many":[25],"platform":[26,54,223],"fail":[28],"in":[29,174],"early":[31],"years":[32],"because":[33],"poor":[35],"ecosystem":[36,131,166,199],"design":[37,186],"decisions":[38,197],"that":[39,130],"limit":[40],"growth":[41],"creation.":[44],"This":[45],"study":[46,189],"examines":[47],"how":[48,195],"deliberately":[50],"build":[51],"manage":[53],"combining":[57],"governance":[58,153,213],"choices":[59],"with":[60,65],"different":[61,90,175],"approaches":[62],"working":[64],"complementors.":[66],"Using":[67],"comparative":[69],"multiple-case":[70],"study,":[71],"we":[72],"identify":[73],"four":[74],"recurring":[75],"ecosystem-building":[76],"patterns:":[77],"Open":[78,100],"Horizon,":[79],"Core":[80],"Balance,":[81],"Complement":[82],"Anchor,":[83],"Inner":[85],"Fortress.":[86],"These":[87],"patterns":[88],"represent":[89],"ways":[91],"balancing":[93],"openness,":[94],"control,":[95],"complementor":[96,156,215],"autonomy,":[97],"growth.":[99,224],"configurations":[101,116,182],"rely":[102],"heavily":[103],"on":[104],"external":[105],"complementors":[106],"generate":[108],"innovation":[109,169],"network":[111],"effects,":[112],"while":[113],"more":[114,140,143],"integrated":[115],"internalize":[117],"critical":[118],"complements":[119],"improve":[121],"reliability,":[122],"coordination,":[123],"capture.":[126],"The":[127,203],"findings":[128,204],"show":[129],"building":[132],"is":[133],"not":[134],"simply":[135],"matter":[137],"becoming":[139],"open":[141],"or":[142,162],"controlled.":[144],"Instead,":[145],"successful":[146],"emerge":[148],"from":[149],"coherent":[150],"combinations":[151],"arrangements":[154],"roles.":[157],"Complementors":[158],"occupying":[159],"peripheral,":[160],"vertical,":[161],"bottleneck":[163],"positions":[164],"influence":[165],"power":[167],"structures,":[168],"dynamics,":[170],"long-term":[172],"evolution":[173],"ways.":[176],"By":[177],"viewing":[178],"as":[180],"strategic":[181],"rather":[183],"than":[184],"isolated":[185],"choices,":[187],"this":[188],"provides":[190],"clearer":[192],"understanding":[193],"managerial":[196],"shape":[198],"performance":[200],"resilience.":[202],"offer":[205],"practical":[206],"guidance":[207],"managers":[209],"seeking":[210],"align":[212],"strategies":[216],"achieve":[218],"scalable,":[219],"adaptable,":[220],"sustainable":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-08-28T00:00:00"}