{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204459508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.25784","title":"UNION: A Unified AC-OPF Framework for Topology-Varying Real-Time Grid Operation","display_name":"UNION: A Unified AC-OPF Framework for Topology-Varying Real-Time Grid Operation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204459508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.25784"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.25784","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.25784","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.25784","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7204459508"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.25784","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031984600","display_name":"Kyungnam Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2817-2974","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2817-2974"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Park, Kyungnam","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003772417","display_name":"Keunju Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9432-4433","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9432-4433"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song, Keunju","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113370015","display_name":"Yeji Lim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4485-6597","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4485-6597"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lim, Yeji","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138112853","display_name":"Suho Park","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Park, Suho","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148426935","display_name":"Kibaek Kim","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kim, Kibaek","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137919476","display_name":"Hongseok Kim","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kim, Hongseok","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":0.8276000022888184,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":0.8276000022888184,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10424","display_name":"Electric Power System Optimization","score":0.12380000203847885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.03519999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ac-optimal-power-flow","display_name":"AC optimal power flow","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-neural-networks","display_name":"graph neural networks","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics-informed-neural-networks","display_name":"physics-informed neural networks","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/n-1-contingency","display_name":"N-1 contingency","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-fine-tuning","display_name":"online fine-tuning","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission-networks","display_name":"transmission networks","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-limits","display_name":"operating limits","score":0.36800000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.5983999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.590499997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.4814999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55282118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252683","display_name":"Snapshot (computer storage)","level":2,"score":0.3871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202615002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q783507","display_name":"Differentiable function","level":2,"score":0.37619999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22762622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628904","display_name":"Operating point","level":2,"score":0.37529999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.3695000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.36739999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.36640000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.3612000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.36000001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.34860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3416000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986056383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556030","display_name":"Power flow","level":4,"score":0.33719998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.3303000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983254600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096907","display_name":"Power grid","level":3,"score":0.3255999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187633118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1317949","display_name":"Economic dispatch","level":4,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146380142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137726","display_name":"Directed graph","level":2,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88230418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131476","display_name":"Graph theory","level":2,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.25784","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.25784","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.25784","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.25784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.25784","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.25784","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.25784","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.25784","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.25784","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.878000020980835,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.7207000255584717,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7114991971","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2025-02215243","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335199","display_name":"Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/02zq38y32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204459508.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204459508.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2965171151","https://openalex.org/W4387031593","https://openalex.org/W4393247887","https://openalex.org/W4415317470","https://openalex.org/W7133757614","https://openalex.org/W7163864500","https://openalex.org/W7202215657","https://openalex.org/W7211868235"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7221561928","https://openalex.org/W4404311066","https://openalex.org/W4393247887","https://openalex.org/W4312570848","https://openalex.org/W7001780582","https://openalex.org/W7163676977","https://openalex.org/W4414890864","https://openalex.org/W4408550090","https://openalex.org/W7211868235","https://openalex.org/W4403127609"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Secure":[0],"real-time":[1,193],"grid":[2],"operation":[3],"requires":[4],"fast":[5],"AC":[6,84],"optimal":[7],"power":[8],"flow":[9],"(AC-OPF)":[10],"tools":[11],"that":[12,41,185],"stay":[13],"accurate":[14],"and":[15,20,36,60,76,95,121,140,143,177,198],"feasible":[16],"as":[17],"operating":[18,39],"conditions":[19],"topology":[21],"change.":[22],"Learning-based":[23],"methods":[24],"have":[25],"advanced,":[26],"but":[27],"most":[28],"are":[29,90],"trained":[30,103],"per":[31,34,170],"system":[32],"or":[33],"topology,":[35],"delivering":[37],"an":[38],"point":[40],"satisfies":[42,122],"every":[43,123],"operational":[44,124],"limit":[45,125],"remains":[46],"challenging.":[47],"This":[48],"paper":[49],"proposes":[50,64],"UNION,":[51],"a":[52,65,69,77,109,116,157],"unified":[53],"graph-based":[54],"AC-OPF":[55,194],"framework":[56],"for":[57],"heterogeneous":[58,196],"systems":[59,197],"topology-varying":[61],"operation.":[62],"UNION":[63,164],"shared":[66],"graph":[67],"encoder,":[68],"scalar-gated":[70],"aggregation":[71],"with":[72],"explicit":[73],"consensus":[74],"correction,":[75],"sparse-aware":[78],"differentiable":[79],"implicit":[80],"layer":[81],"embedding":[82],"the":[83,96,173],"power-flow":[85],"equations.":[86],"The":[87],"remaining":[88],"inequalities":[89],"handled":[91],"by":[92],"primal-dual":[93],"training":[94],"deterministic":[97],"restoration":[98],"layer.":[99],"A":[100],"single":[101],"model":[102,190],"jointly":[104,187],"across":[105,195],"seven":[106],"systems,":[107,176],"including":[108,180],"real-world":[110],"4,492-bus":[111],"Korean":[112,149],"transmission":[113],"grid,":[114],"attains":[115],"1.23%":[117],"mean":[118],"objective":[119],"gap":[120,159],"on":[126,172],"99.56%":[127],"of":[128,147],"test":[129],"instances.":[130],"It":[131],"sustains":[132],"this":[133],"under":[134,160],"zero-shot":[135],"$N-1$":[136],"contingencies,":[137],"i.e.,":[138],"line":[139],"generator":[141],"outages,":[142],"over":[144],"five":[145],"days":[146],"time-varying":[148],"topologies;":[150],"it":[151],"retains":[152],"full":[153],"snapshot":[154],"coverage":[155],"at":[156],"2.51%":[158],"lightweight":[161],"online":[162],"fine-tuning.":[163],"pre-restoration":[165],"inference":[166],"takes":[167],"55$-$58":[168],"ms":[169,179],"instance":[171],"three":[174],"largest":[175],"108$-$114":[178],"restoration.":[181],"These":[182],"results":[183],"indicate":[184],"one":[186],"trained,":[188],"physics-consistent":[189],"can":[191],"support":[192],"evolving":[199],"topologies.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-08-28T00:00:00"}
