{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204457624","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10546212/v1","title":"What does Retraction Watch's \"computer-generated content\" reason capture? A metadata analysis of 9,161 retractions","display_name":"What does Retraction Watch's \"computer-generated content\" reason capture? A metadata analysis of 9,161 retractions","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204457624","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10546212/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10546212/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10546212/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10546212/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10546212/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7204457624"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10546212/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5144222707","display_name":"Jonas A. Mandalunes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4770-8540","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4770-8540"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087667","display_name":"AMA Computer University","ror":"https://ror.org/001r73k91","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087667"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jonas Mandalunes","raw_affiliation_strings":["AMA Computer University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AMA Computer University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087667"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5144222707"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087667"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11492","display_name":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","score":0.9771000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11492","display_name":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","score":0.9771000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13607","display_name":"Academic Publishing and Open Access","score":0.00989999994635582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3309","display_name":"Library and Information Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10102","display_name":"scientometrics and bibliometrics research","score":0.004800000227987766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3309","display_name":"Library and Information Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retraction-watch","display_name":"Retraction Watch","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retraction","display_name":"retraction","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-ai","display_name":"generative AI","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retraction-reasons","display_name":"retraction reasons","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paper-mills","display_name":"paper mills","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citation-impact","display_name":"citation impact","score":0.4729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-integrity","display_name":"research integrity","score":0.40700000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metadata-analysis","display_name":"metadata analysis","score":0.3619999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55282118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252683","display_name":"Snapshot (computer storage)","level":2,"score":0.5575000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.4625000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778805511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1713","display_name":"Citation","level":2,"score":0.44359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3864000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77265313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q879844","display_name":"Rest (music)","level":2,"score":0.3368000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3343000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.32499998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.32429999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.313400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3133000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66882249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169336","display_name":"Homogeneous","level":2,"score":0.3091000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987804222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5376582","display_name":"End point","level":2,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44648626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049848","display_name":"Percentage point","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10546212/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10546212/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10546212/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10546212/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10546212/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10546212/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10546212/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10546212/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204457624.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204457624.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2030191465","https://openalex.org/W2062187425","https://openalex.org/W2594541205","https://openalex.org/W3165883805","https://openalex.org/W3182844710","https://openalex.org/W4200394820","https://openalex.org/W4229010617","https://openalex.org/W4291337915","https://openalex.org/W4310186689","https://openalex.org/W4380422593","https://openalex.org/W4388702786","https://openalex.org/W4389609835","https://openalex.org/W4392781833","https://openalex.org/W4393213754","https://openalex.org/W4399107834","https://openalex.org/W4410714199","https://openalex.org/W4415565799","https://openalex.org/W7118588846","https://openalex.org/W7125018268","https://openalex.org/W7154689640","https://openalex.org/W7171819744"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7215104428","https://openalex.org/W7166317794","https://openalex.org/W7203838250","https://openalex.org/W4403096437","https://openalex.org/W7170042365","https://openalex.org/W4411189602","https://openalex.org/W7118588846","https://openalex.org/W7125018268","https://openalex.org/W4416904600","https://openalex.org/W4414342860"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Retraction":[1],"Watch":[2],"records":[3,48],"a":[4,44,144,173],"retraction":[5,41,94,132,231],"reason":[6,14,30],"for":[7,76,85],"computer-aided":[8],"or":[9],"computer-generated":[10],"content,":[11],"and":[12,56,81,136,149,233,248],"that":[13],"is":[15,34],"increasingly":[16],"read":[17],"as":[18,54],"evidence":[19],"about":[20],"generative":[21],"artificial":[22],"intelligence":[23],"in":[24,90,163],"research.":[25],"We":[26],"asked":[27],"what":[28,251],"the":[29,37,40,51,58,138,151,166,230,252],"captures":[31],"when":[32],"it":[33],"compared":[35],"against":[36,168],"rest":[38],"of":[39,46,73,146,165,177,195,207],"record.":[42],"From":[43],"snapshot":[45],"71,448":[47],"we":[49],"retained":[50],"66,013":[52],"classified":[53],"retractions":[55,74],"isolated":[57],"9,161":[59],"(13.9%)":[60],"carrying":[61],"this":[62,123],"reason.":[63],"The":[64],"category":[65],"was":[66,95],"absent":[67],"before":[68],"2010,":[69],"grew":[70],"to":[71,93,105,141,179,213,220],"41.8%":[72],"recorded":[75],"2023":[77],"(95%":[78,216],"CI":[79,102,183,217],"40.9\u201342.6),":[80],"one":[82,240],"publisher":[83,137,153],"accounts":[84],"70.0%.":[86],"No":[87],"meaningful":[88],"difference":[89],"median":[91],"time":[92],"detected":[96],"(difference":[97],"3":[98],"days,":[99,119,148],"cluster-robust":[100],"95%":[101,182],"\u2212":[103,208,214,218],"17":[104],"43).":[106],"Crude":[107],"timing":[108],"appeared":[109],"far":[110],"less":[111],"dispersed":[112],"(mean":[113],"absolute":[114],"deviation":[115],"268":[116],"versus":[117],"769":[118],"ratio":[120,139,176],"0.35),":[121],"but":[122],"proved":[124],"compositional:":[125],"across":[126],"5,119":[127],"pairs":[128,223],"matched":[129,225],"exactly":[130],"on":[131,192,226,234],"year,":[133],"publication":[134],"year":[135,232],"moved":[140],"0.97,":[142],"leaving":[143],"residual":[145],"5":[147],"removing":[150],"dominant":[152],"from":[154,239],"both":[155],"cohorts":[156],"reversed":[157],"it.":[158],"A":[159,202],"paper-mill":[160],"flag":[161],"co-occurred":[162],"71.1%":[164],"cohort":[167],"9.1%":[169],"elsewhere;":[170],"stratification":[171],"attenuated":[172,212],"crude":[174,203],"risk":[175],"7.78":[178],"1.43":[180],"(cluster-robust":[181],"1.36\u20131.52)":[184],"with":[185],"extreme":[186],"heterogeneity":[187],"(Cochran":[188],"Q":[189],"=":[190],"248.2":[191],"7":[193],"degrees":[194],"freedom),":[196],"so":[197,243],"no":[198],"common":[199],"association":[200],"holds.":[201],"post-retraction":[204],"citation":[205],"deficit":[206],"9.5":[209],"percentage":[210],"points":[211],"1.3":[215],"3.08":[219],"0.51)":[221],"once":[222],"were":[224],"citations":[227],"accumulated":[228],"through":[229],"publisher.":[235],"Both":[236],"indicators":[237],"come":[238],"Reason":[241],"field,":[242],"these":[244],"are":[245],"co-coding":[246],"patterns":[247],"cannot":[249],"establish":[250],"articles":[253],"contain.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-08-28T00:00:00"}