{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204456117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16171641","title":"Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Nonlinear Associations of Agricultural Carbon Emissions in China: Insights from Explainable Machine Learning and GTWR","display_name":"Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Nonlinear Associations of Agricultural Carbon Emissions in China: Insights from Explainable Machine Learning and GTWR","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204456117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16171641"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/agronomy16171641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16171641","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16171641","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738977497","display_name":"Agronomy","issn_l":"2073-4395","issn":["2073-4395"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agronomy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16171641","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056742884","display_name":"Yuanjie Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2783-768X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2783-768X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64852412","display_name":"Sichuan University of Science and Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/053fzma23","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64852412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuanjie Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2783-768X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64852412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130911283","display_name":"Huae Dang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64852412","display_name":"Sichuan University of Science and Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/053fzma23","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64852412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huae Dang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64852412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011637290","display_name":"Wenjing Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6900-1130","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6900-1130"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64852412","display_name":"Sichuan University of Science and Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/053fzma23","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64852412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64852412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100376503","display_name":"Miao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5619-7017","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5619-7017"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64852412","display_name":"Sichuan University of Science and Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/053fzma23","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64852412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64852412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100749954","display_name":"Xin He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8602-5166","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8602-5166"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64852412","display_name":"Sichuan University of Science and Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/053fzma23","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64852412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64852412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056742884"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64852412"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68234249,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"17","first_page":"1641","last_page":"1641"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10438","display_name":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","score":0.6151999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10438","display_name":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","score":0.6151999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10435","display_name":"Environmental Impact and Sustainability","score":0.08950000256299973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13691","display_name":"Energy, Environment, Agriculture Analysis","score":0.0714000016450882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-carbon-emissions","display_name":"agricultural carbon emissions","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatiotemporal-heterogeneity","display_name":"spatiotemporal heterogeneity","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urbanization","display_name":"urbanization","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precipitation","display_name":"precipitation","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature","display_name":"temperature","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-agglomeration","display_name":"industrial agglomeration","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-industrial-structure","display_name":"agricultural industrial structure","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rice-cultivation","display_name":"rice cultivation","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/livestock-production","display_name":"animal husbandry","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cropland-use","display_name":"cropland use","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emission-intensity","display_name":"emission intensity","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-mitigation","display_name":"carbon mitigation","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dual-carbon-goals","display_name":"dual carbon goals","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainable-machine-learning","display_name":"explainable machine learning","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geographically-and-temporally-weighted-regression","display_name":"geographically and temporally weighted regression","score":0.8679999709129333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.6820999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128383755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3816336","display_name":"Agricultural productivity","level":3,"score":0.6025999784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39853841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161078","display_name":"Urbanization","level":2,"score":0.5777999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5246999859809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.4853000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.4788999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131850264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383056","display_name":"Economies of agglomeration","level":2,"score":0.4496999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.39980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.3977999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.3497999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48824518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340","display_name":"Agricultural economics","level":1,"score":0.34850001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94747663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574086","display_name":"Spatial variability","level":2,"score":0.3474000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.3463999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180478619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574066","display_name":"Spatial heterogeneity","level":2,"score":0.32839998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.3197999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.3116999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33842695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490513","display_name":"Foreign direct investment","level":2,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112964050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103459","display_name":"Livestock","level":2,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138695830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial dependence","level":2,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158709400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3578586","display_name":"Spatial ecology","level":2,"score":0.25839999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502990516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3395383","display_name":"Agricultural land","level":3,"score":0.25270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860","display_name":"Carbon fibers","level":3,"score":0.2500999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/agronomy16171641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16171641","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16171641","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738977497","display_name":"Agronomy","issn_l":"2073-4395","issn":["2073-4395"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agronomy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a2450603e7154685891eb95d441cb5d7","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a2450603e7154685891eb95d441cb5d7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Agronomy, Vol 16, Iss 17, p 1641 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/agronomy16171641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16171641","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16171641","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738977497","display_name":"Agronomy","issn_l":"2073-4395","issn":["2073-4395"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agronomy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.5666999816894531}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.4608595669269562}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322947","display_name":"Sichuan University of Science and Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/053fzma23"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336008","display_name":"National College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":89,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1829241487","https://openalex.org/W1971794754","https://openalex.org/W2044074789","https://openalex.org/W2047120335","https://openalex.org/W2052611179","https://openalex.org/W2055640453","https://openalex.org/W2063804858","https://openalex.org/W2114314286","https://openalex.org/W2118898434","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2947014533","https://openalex.org/W2969605881","https://openalex.org/W3024308523","https://openalex.org/W3028062777","https://openalex.org/W3088714631","https://openalex.org/W3116286104","https://openalex.org/W3203395907","https://openalex.org/W4256330813","https://openalex.org/W4280526612","https://openalex.org/W4281959505","https://openalex.org/W4283715906","https://openalex.org/W4295847231","https://openalex.org/W4303685906","https://openalex.org/W4303961978","https://openalex.org/W4307117624","https://openalex.org/W4308331905","https://openalex.org/W4312069741","https://openalex.org/W4322490235","https://openalex.org/W4327568972","https://openalex.org/W4361006015","https://openalex.org/W4361198723","https://openalex.org/W4361269757","https://openalex.org/W4362602759","https://openalex.org/W4366281484","https://openalex.org/W4382699365","https://openalex.org/W4385156426","https://openalex.org/W4385200507","https://openalex.org/W4386633704","https://openalex.org/W4386727640","https://openalex.org/W4386836942","https://openalex.org/W4387054074","https://openalex.org/W4388076173","https://openalex.org/W4388169505","https://openalex.org/W4388537935","https://openalex.org/W4388639085","https://openalex.org/W4390718425","https://openalex.org/W4391001575","https://openalex.org/W4391589164","https://openalex.org/W4392896698","https://openalex.org/W4393036763","https://openalex.org/W4394688455","https://openalex.org/W4394726393","https://openalex.org/W4395027850","https://openalex.org/W4399284355","https://openalex.org/W4399694029","https://openalex.org/W4400359400","https://openalex.org/W4400484614","https://openalex.org/W4401526963","https://openalex.org/W4402262878","https://openalex.org/W4402371895","https://openalex.org/W4402512666","https://openalex.org/W4402636028","https://openalex.org/W4402644083","https://openalex.org/W4403262236","https://openalex.org/W4403364332","https://openalex.org/W4403718579","https://openalex.org/W4404360570","https://openalex.org/W4405048046","https://openalex.org/W4405456493","https://openalex.org/W4405739617","https://openalex.org/W4405913228","https://openalex.org/W4406852850","https://openalex.org/W4407399514","https://openalex.org/W4407852347","https://openalex.org/W4409903015","https://openalex.org/W4410383203","https://openalex.org/W4410532226","https://openalex.org/W4410774822","https://openalex.org/W4410777557","https://openalex.org/W4410945549","https://openalex.org/W4411077477","https://openalex.org/W4411660029","https://openalex.org/W4411982376","https://openalex.org/W4412690150","https://openalex.org/W4415933767","https://openalex.org/W4416422222","https://openalex.org/W7081958338","https://openalex.org/W7118771652","https://openalex.org/W7125375027"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Agriculture":[0],"is":[1],"pivotal":[2],"to":[3,77],"China\u2019s":[4],"dual-carbon":[5],"goals,":[6],"yet":[7],"the":[8,88,125,159,175,182,243,277,283],"nonlinear":[9,191],"and":[10,19,25,44,49,53,62,64,113,136,154,170,194,218,223,238,288,291,299],"spatiotemporally":[11],"heterogeneous":[12],"relationships":[13],"between":[14,221],"agricultural":[15,92,150,167,200,247,250,268,273,297],"carbon":[16,89,269],"emissions":[17,98],"(ACE)":[18],"their":[20],"associated":[21],"socioeconomic,":[22],"agricultural-production,":[23],"public-investment,":[24],"climatic":[26],"factors":[27,178],"remain":[28],"poorly":[29],"understood.":[30],"Here,":[31],"we":[32],"compile":[33],"a":[34,130],"multi-source":[35],"provincial":[36],"ACE":[37,73,105],"inventory":[38],"covering":[39],"cropland":[40],"use,":[41],"rice":[42],"cultivation,":[43],"livestock":[45,289],"production":[46,93,298],"for":[47,234,266],"2000\u20132023":[48],"combine":[50],"spatial":[51,108,111],"trend":[52],"autocorrelation":[54],"diagnostics":[55],"with":[56,129,174,295],"explainable":[57],"machine":[58],"learning":[59],"using":[60],"XGBoost\u2013SHAP":[61],"geographically":[63],"temporally":[65],"weighted":[66],"regression":[67],"(GTWR).":[68],"We":[69],"find":[70],"that":[71,87,122],"national":[72],"increased":[74],"from":[75],"254.48":[76],"270.25":[78],"Mt,":[79],"while":[80],"emission":[81],"intensity":[82],"fell":[83],"by":[84,164,181,271],"59.6%,":[85],"indicating":[86],"efficiency":[90],"of":[91,116,134,141,204,211,215,231,246,279],"improved":[94],"substantially,":[95],"although":[96],"total":[97],"did":[99],"not":[100],"achieve":[101],"an":[102,137,199,208],"absolute":[103],"decline.":[104],"exhibited":[106],"persistent":[107],"imbalance,":[109],"significant":[110],"clustering,":[112],"gradual":[114],"diffusion":[115],"high-emission":[117],"areas.":[118],"Model":[119],"benchmarking":[120],"showed":[121],"XGBoost":[123],"achieved":[124],"best":[126],"overall":[127],"performance,":[128],"mean":[131],"cross-validated":[132],"R2":[133,140],"0.9131":[135],"independent":[138],"temporal-test":[139],"0.7056.":[142],"SHAP":[143,186],"importance":[144],"aggregated":[145],"across":[146],"repeated":[147],"cross-validation":[148],"identified":[149,180],"public":[151,201,248,280],"investment":[152,202],"(21.3%)":[153],"urbanization":[155,209,235],"rate":[156,210],"(17.9%)":[157],"as":[158],"two":[160],"leading":[161],"factors,":[162],"followed":[163],"precipitation,":[165],"temperature,":[166,237],"industrial":[168,171,239,251],"structure,":[169,252],"agglomeration":[172,240],"level,":[173,241],"same":[176],"six":[177],"consistently":[179],"three":[183],"tree-based":[184],"models.":[185],"dependence":[187],"plots":[188],"further":[189],"revealed":[190],"relationship":[192],"patterns":[193,245],"approximate":[195],"transition":[196,284],"locations":[197],"around":[198],"level":[203],"CNY":[205],"11.84":[206],"billion,":[207],"54.69%,":[212],"annual":[213,219],"precipitation":[214,255],"698.4":[216],"mm,":[217],"temperature":[220],"13.01":[222],"22.17":[224],"\u00b0C.":[225],"GTWR":[226],"provided":[227],"stronger":[228],"statistical":[229,260],"evidence":[230],"spatiotemporal":[232],"nonstationarity":[233],"rate,":[236],"whereas":[242],"coefficient":[244],"investment,":[249,281],"and,":[253],"particularly,":[254],"received":[256],"more":[257],"limited":[258],"local":[259],"support.":[261],"These":[262],"findings":[263],"provide":[264],"support":[265],"region-specific":[267],"mitigation":[270],"improving":[272],"input-use":[274],"efficiency,":[275],"optimizing":[276],"allocation":[278],"facilitating":[282],"toward":[285],"low-emission":[286],"crop":[287],"management,":[290],"integrating":[292],"climate":[293],"adaptation":[294],"sustainable":[296],"food":[300],"security.":[301]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-08T09:06:37.294493","created_date":"2026-08-28T00:00:00"}
