{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204455280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1656/1/012034","title":"The Influence of Ground Control Points (GCPs) for Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) Using UAVs","display_name":"The Influence of Ground Control Points (GCPs) for Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) Using UAVs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204455280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1656/1/012034"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1656/1/012034","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1656/1/012034","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1656/1/012034","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/1656/1/012034/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195883","display_name":"IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science","issn_l":"1755-1315","issn":["1755-1315","1755-1307"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["norway-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/1656/1/012034/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148410645","display_name":"Kamal M. Gamal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100308","display_name":"Military Technical College","ror":"https://ror.org/01337pb37","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100308"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kamal M. Gamal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Military Technical College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Military Technical College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100308"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148412770","display_name":"Ahmed S. Elshrkawy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100308","display_name":"Military Technical College","ror":"https://ror.org/01337pb37","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100308"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed S. Elshrkawy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Military Technical College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Military Technical College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100308"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119473632","display_name":"Osama M. Moussa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100308","display_name":"Military Technical College","ror":"https://ror.org/01337pb37","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100308"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Osama M. Moussa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Military Technical College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Military Technical College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100308"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067273741","display_name":"Ahmed Elshesheny","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6628-8703","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6628-8703"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100308","display_name":"Military Technical College","ror":"https://ror.org/01337pb37","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100308"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Elshesheny","raw_affiliation_strings":["Military Technical College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Military Technical College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100308"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5148410645"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100308"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"1656","issue":"1","first_page":"012034","last_page":"012034"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9326000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9326000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12983","display_name":"Satellite Image Processing and Photogrammetry","score":0.06270000338554382,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13511","display_name":"Geodetic Measurements and Engineering Structures","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-control-points","display_name":"ground control points","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-elevation-model","display_name":"digital elevation model","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uav-photogrammetry","display_name":"UAV photogrammetry","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dem-accuracy","display_name":"DEM accuracy","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/horizontal-accuracy","display_name":"horizontal accuracy","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vertical-accuracy","display_name":"vertical accuracy","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agisoft-metashape","display_name":"Agisoft Metashape","score":0.7360000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.7822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.7580999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.5582000017166138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5273000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777774050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16945110","display_name":"Control point","level":2,"score":0.48089998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4641999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.43860000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202799725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272035","display_name":"Accuracy and precision","level":2,"score":0.41670000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71907059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223323","display_name":"Root mean square","level":2,"score":0.3937000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.38830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21080849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13611879","display_name":"Data point","level":2,"score":0.36890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986230362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203218","display_name":"Elevation angle","level":3,"score":0.34299999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776429412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4688011","display_name":"Aerial image","level":3,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017984891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5610943","display_name":"Ground level","level":3,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983696493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705730","display_name":"Test site","level":2,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181672929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4115141","display_name":"Digital mapping","level":2,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176262533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4688034","display_name":"Aerial survey","level":2,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74925373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4175911","display_name":"Control network","level":3,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64828349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120200","display_name":"Ephemeris","level":3,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778864079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173285","display_name":"Digital data","level":3,"score":0.25290000438690186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1656/1/012034","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1656/1/012034","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1656/1/012034","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/1656/1/012034/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195883","display_name":"IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science","issn_l":"1755-1315","issn":["1755-1315","1755-1307"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["norway-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1656/1/012034","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1656/1/012034","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1656/1/012034","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/1656/1/012034/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195883","display_name":"IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science","issn_l":"1755-1315","issn":["1755-1315","1755-1307"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["norway-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204455280.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204455280.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973151621","https://openalex.org/W2005809664","https://openalex.org/W2790523291","https://openalex.org/W2897625716","https://openalex.org/W3121747870","https://openalex.org/W3197769443"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3150266118","https://openalex.org/W3121747870","https://openalex.org/W3119484940","https://openalex.org/W2908172636","https://openalex.org/W7117258207","https://openalex.org/W2791148124","https://openalex.org/W2093953405","https://openalex.org/W2558589469","https://openalex.org/W2919852811","https://openalex.org/W4408391671"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Unmanned":[1],"aerial":[2,12,46],"vehicles":[3],"are":[4,31,52],"a":[5,92,99,160,199],"modern":[6],"technology":[7],"for":[8,11,79,284],"collecting":[9],"data":[10,47],"surveying":[13],"to":[14,68,75,162,205,221,234,258],"produce":[15],"high-resolution":[16],"digital":[17,80,287],"elevation":[18,50,81,288],"models":[19,51,82],"(DEMs).":[20],"This":[21,65],"accuracy":[22,78,181,188,213,242,274,293],"is":[23,231,269,282],"achieved":[24],"using":[25,125,133],"ground":[26,36,116,194,253],"control":[27,117,195,238,254],"points":[28,118,122,156,196,255],"(GCPs),":[29,197],"which":[30,268],"specific":[32],"locations":[33],"on":[34],"the":[35,43,70,105,126,164,167,235,250,272],"with":[37,91,107,141,148,152,198,224,249,271],"known":[38],"coordinates":[39],"that":[40,186,228],"help":[41],"improve":[42],"precision":[44,165,230],"of":[45,73,101,145,166,237,252,280],"collection.":[48],"Digital":[49],"used":[53,158,178],"in":[54],"many":[55],"applications":[56],"such":[57],"as":[58,159,179],"topographic":[59],"mapping,":[60],"land-use":[61],"planning,":[62],"and":[63,83,111,119,150,294],"levelling.":[64],"study":[66,184],"aims":[67],"identify":[69],"optimum":[71],"number":[72,144],"GCPs":[74,146],"achieve":[76],"high":[77],"reduced":[84],"fieldwork.":[85],"1":[86,247],"km":[87],"2":[88],"was":[89,177],"imaged":[90],"commercial":[93],"UAV":[94],"named":[95],"Matrice":[96],"300":[97],"at":[98,169,263],"height":[100,229],"200":[102],"m":[103],"above":[104],"ground,":[106],"80%":[108],"forward":[109],"overlap":[110],"70%":[112],"side":[113],"overlap.":[114],"25":[115],"5":[120,193],"check":[121],"were":[123,131,157],"created":[124],"GPS":[127],"technique.":[128],"The":[129,154,183,211,240],"images":[130],"processed":[132],"Agisoft":[134],"Metashape":[135],"software":[136],"by":[137,246],"an":[138,142,180],"adjustment":[139],"process":[140],"incremental":[143],"starting":[147],"4":[149],"ending":[151],"25.":[153],"remaining":[155],"checkpoint":[161],"determine":[163],"model":[168,289],"each":[170],"trial.":[171],"Root":[172],"Mean":[173],"Square":[174],"Error":[175],"(RMSE)":[176],"measurement.":[182],"demonstrates":[185],"horizontal":[187],"(RMSE":[189,214,243],"XY)":[190],"stabilizes":[191],"after":[192,208,266],"marginal":[200],"enhancement":[201],"from":[202,218],"1.2":[203],"cm":[204,207,220,223,248,265],"1.1":[206],"13":[209],"GCPs.":[210],"vertical":[212,273],"Z)":[215],"improves":[216],"markedly":[217],"3.1":[219],"2.1":[222],"18":[225,259],"GCPs,":[226],"demonstrating":[227],"more":[232],"responsive":[233],"quantity":[236],"points.":[239],"3D":[241],"XYZ)":[244],"enhances":[245],"addition":[251],"(GCPs)":[256],"up":[257],"but":[260],"becomes":[261],"stable":[262],"2.3":[264],"that,":[267],"consistent":[270],"measurements.":[275],"A":[276],"medium":[277],"GCP":[278],"density":[279],"9\u201312":[281],"recommended":[283],"general":[285],"UAV-based":[286],"(DEM)":[290],"generation,":[291],"balancing":[292],"efficiency.":[295]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-08-28T00:00:00"}