{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204440339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10425180/v1","title":"Ultra-sensitive Chalcogenide-based Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor Enhanced by Optofluidic Reconfiguration and Engineered Dispersion for Broadband Supercontinuum Generation and Multi-functional Environmental Detection","display_name":"Ultra-sensitive Chalcogenide-based Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor Enhanced by Optofluidic Reconfiguration and Engineered Dispersion for Broadband Supercontinuum Generation and Multi-functional Environmental Detection","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204440339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10425180/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10425180/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10425180/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10425180/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10425180/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10425180/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148456166","display_name":"Fazel Etemadi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125694","display_name":"Islamic Azad University Kazeron","ror":"https://ror.org/02ytn4d59","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I4210125694"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fazel Etemadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Islamic Azad University Kazeron"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Islamic Azad University Kazeron","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125694"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072950347","display_name":"Mehdi Taghizadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5285-7685","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5285-7685"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125694","display_name":"Islamic Azad University Kazeron","ror":"https://ror.org/02ytn4d59","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I4210125694"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mehdi Taghizadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Islamic Azad University Kazeron"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Islamic Azad University Kazeron","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125694"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029690717","display_name":"Mohammad Amin Pirbonyeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2392-6669","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2392-6669"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125694","display_name":"Islamic Azad University Kazeron","ror":"https://ror.org/02ytn4d59","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I4210125694"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Amin Pirbonyeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Islamic Azad University Kazeron"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Islamic Azad University Kazeron","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125694"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041563562","display_name":"Mohammad Mehdi Ghanbarian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5373-3502","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5373-3502"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125694","display_name":"Islamic Azad University Kazeron","ror":"https://ror.org/02ytn4d59","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I4210125694"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Mehdi Ghanbarian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Islamic Azad University Kazeron"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Islamic Azad University Kazeron","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125694"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072950347"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125694"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10846","display_name":"Photonic Crystal and Fiber Optics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10846","display_name":"Photonic Crystal and Fiber Optics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10732","display_name":"Laser Material Processing Techniques","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chalcogenide-photonic-crystal-fiber","display_name":"chalcogenide photonic crystal fiber","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gold-nanoparticles","display_name":"gold nanoparticles","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/localized-surface-plasmon-resonance","display_name":"localized surface plasmon resonance","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refractive-index-sensing","display_name":"refractive index sensing","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dispersion-engineering","display_name":"dispersion engineering","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zero-dispersion-wavelength","display_name":"zero-dispersion wavelength","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kerr-nonlinearity","display_name":"Kerr nonlinearity","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-schrodinger-equation","display_name":"nonlinear Schr\u00f6dinger equation","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-parameter-sensing","display_name":"multi-parameter sensing","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-sensing","display_name":"temperature sensing","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrostatic-pressure-sensing","display_name":"hydrostatic pressure sensing","score":0.953000009059906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191154138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059326","display_name":"Supercontinuum","level":4,"score":0.9144999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107157254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1256244","display_name":"Photonic-crystal fiber","level":3,"score":0.6700999736785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177562468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182893","display_name":"Dispersion (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5738999843597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.545799970626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.5156000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509933004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194163","display_name":"Broadband","level":2,"score":0.4984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.41690000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150835508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15916346","display_name":"Surface plasmon polariton","level":4,"score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75302062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900150","display_name":"Photonic crystal","level":2,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110879396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58392","display_name":"Plasmon","level":2,"score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20788544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467054","display_name":"Photonics","level":2,"score":0.35120001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106847996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898756","display_name":"Surface plasmon resonance","level":3,"score":0.349700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.33649998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112234648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5068626","display_name":"Chalcogenide glass","level":3,"score":0.3359000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.3294000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136676167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151829","display_name":"Surface plasmon","level":3,"score":0.32499998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78854221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756033","display_name":"Nonlinear optics","level":3,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42067758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174102","display_name":"Refractive index","level":2,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780167933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550652","display_name":"Pulse (music)","level":3,"score":0.29739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180861198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503585","display_name":"Single-mode optical fiber","level":3,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779640682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7049481","display_name":"Nonlinear photonic crystal","level":4,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107816215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647887","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","level":2,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176672485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q883038","display_name":"Kerr effect","level":3,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519885992","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161","display_name":"Fiber","level":2,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779202686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183467","display_name":"Self-phase modulation","level":4,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10425180/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10425180/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10425180/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10425180/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10425180/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10425180/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10425180/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10425180/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204440339.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204440339.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2035825763","https://openalex.org/W4407924170"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4402484561","https://openalex.org/W1775256263","https://openalex.org/W4413064651","https://openalex.org/W1975247241","https://openalex.org/W2597419931","https://openalex.org/W2072112315","https://openalex.org/W2974781709","https://openalex.org/W4321115645","https://openalex.org/W2792271796","https://openalex.org/W2118368378"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"We":[1],"report":[2],"a":[3,38,55,68,104,138,230,238,290],"multifunctional":[4],"chalcogenide-based":[5],"photonic":[6,299],"crystal":[7],"fiber":[8],"(PCF)":[9],"that":[10,79],"simultaneously":[11],"achieves":[12,103],"broadband":[13],"supercontinuum":[14],"(SC)":[15],"generation":[16],"and":[17,30,67,202,224,273,293,306],"ultra-sensitive":[18],"multi-parameter":[19,280],"environmental":[20,302],"detection":[21],"by":[22,112,184],"synergistically":[23],"integrating":[24],"optofluidic":[25,226],"reconfiguration,":[26],"plasmonic":[27],"field":[28],"enhancement,":[29],"precision":[31],"dispersion":[32,118],"engineering.":[33],"The":[34,167,265],"proposed":[35,287],"structure":[36,266],"employs":[37],"square-lattice":[39],"arrangement":[40],"of":[41,84,108,128,189,232,241],"circular":[42],"air":[43],"holes":[44],"in":[45],"an":[46],"As":[47,190],"2":[48,96,142,191,195,200,210,212],"Se":[49,192],"3":[50,193],"chalcogenide":[51],"glass":[52],"substrate,":[53],"incorporating":[54],"centrally":[56],"positioned":[57],"gold":[58],"nanoparticle":[59],"(Au-NP,":[60],"diameter":[61,94],"d":[62],"s":[63,75],"=":[64,76,97],"0.18":[65],"\u00b5m)":[66,78],"fluid-infiltrated":[69],"stellar-lattice":[70],"ring":[71,227],"(lattice":[72],"constant":[73],"\u039b":[74],"0.2":[77],"enables":[80],"dynamic":[81],"real-time":[82],"tuning":[83],"the":[85,91,100,120,129,155,162,180,185,203,217,225,251,261,286],"local":[86],"refractive":[87],"index.":[88],"By":[89],"optimizing":[90],"second-ring":[92],"air-hole":[93],"(d":[95],"0.4":[98],"\u00b5m),":[99],"GVD":[101],"profile":[102],"zero-dispersion":[105],"wavelength":[106],"(ZDW)":[107],"approximately":[109],"1.80":[110,147],"\u00b5m\u2014tunable":[111],"\u00b1":[113],"0.12":[114],"\u00b5m\u2014while":[115],"maintaining":[116],"anomalous":[117],"throughout":[119],"near-":[121],"to":[122,269],"mid-infrared":[123],"(NIR\u2013MIR)":[124],"region.":[125],"Finite-element":[126],"simulations":[127],"generalized":[130],"nonlinear":[131,168],"Schr\u00f6dinger":[132],"equation":[133],"(GNLSE)":[134],"confirm":[135],"that,":[136],"under":[137],"200":[139],"fs,":[140],"sech":[141],"-shaped":[143],"pump":[144,181],"pulse":[145],"at":[146,161,179],"\u00b5m":[148,160,211,263],"with":[149,237],"~":[150],"8":[151],"kW":[152],"peak":[153],"power,":[154],"SC":[156],"spectrum":[157],"spans":[158],"1.2\u20133.0":[159],"\u2212":[163,177,245,257],"30":[164],"dB":[165],"level.":[166],"parameter":[169],"reaches":[170],"\u03b3":[171],"\u2248":[172,196,234],"450":[173],"W":[174],"\u22121":[175],"km":[176],"1":[178],"wavelength,":[182],"driven":[183],"high":[186],"Kerr":[187],"nonlinearity":[188],"(n":[194],"10":[197,244,256],"\u221214":[198],"cm":[199],"/W)":[201],"tight":[204],"mode":[205],"confinement":[206,252],"(A":[207],"eff":[208],"<":[209],").":[213],"For":[214],"refractive-index":[215,239],"sensing,":[216],"Au-NP-mediated":[218],"localized":[219],"surface":[220],"plasmon":[221],"resonance":[222],"(LSPR)":[223],"collectively":[228],"yield":[229],"sensitivity":[231],"S":[233],"3000":[235],"nm/RIU":[236],"resolution":[240],"\u223c3.3":[242],"\u00d7":[243],"5":[246],"RIU\u2014surpassing":[247],"numerous":[248],"state-of-the-art":[249],"designs\u2014while":[250],"loss":[253],"remains":[254],"below":[255],"4":[258],"dB/cm":[259],"across":[260],"1.5\u20132.5":[262],"window.":[264],"concurrently":[267],"responds":[268],"temperature,":[270],"hydrostatic":[271],"pressure,":[272],"chemical":[274,304],"composition":[275],"variations,":[276],"confirming":[277],"its":[278],"genuine":[279],"sensing":[281],"capability.":[282],"These":[283],"results":[284],"establish":[285],"PCF":[288],"as":[289],"powerful,":[291],"reconfigurable,":[292],"highly":[294],"sensitive":[295],"platform":[296],"for":[297],"next-generation":[298],"systems":[300],"spanning":[301],"monitoring,":[303],"spectroscopy,":[305],"biomedical":[307],"diagnostics.":[308]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-08-28T00:00:00"}